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PCA Ch. 13
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| the period during which the sexual organs mature/attainment sexual maturity; hormonal changes, adolescent growth spurt, development of sexual characteristics, psychological impact in early and late adolescence | puberty |
| activation of adrenal glands in late middle childhood and initial development of secondary sexual characteristics and sexual attraction (armpit and pubic hair) | adrenarche |
| a system of hormonal influences consisting of the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and adrenal gland | hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis |
| maturation of gonads and of full primary and secondary sexual characteristics | gonadarche |
| a system of hormonal influences consisting of the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and gonads | hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis |
| one of the best predictors of a girl's pubertal timing is | the age at which her mother has attained various pubertal milestones |
| ____ twins (both male and female pairs) have more similar ages of puberty onset than ____ twins of the same sex | monozygotic (identical), dizygotic (fraternal) |
| Environmental factors appear to act more strongly on the timing of puberty in females than in males because of the | enormous expenditure of energy females require to bear, feed, and rear offspring |
| an increase in growth rate associated with puberty | adolescent growth spurt |
| characteristics associated with development of organs and structures of the body directly involved in reproduction | primary sex characteristics |
| visible indicators of sexual maturity that are not directly involved in reproduction | secondary sex characteristics |
| uses the extent of pubic hair and breast development in girls, and the extend of genital development in boys to measure progress to full maturation | Tanner scale |
| a female's first menstruation | menarche |
| a pattern of change occurring across several generations | secular trend |
| the first production of sperm in the testicles of males | spermarche |
| gray matter ____ while white matter _____, resulting in more efficient processing of information in the brain | thins, grows |
| controls several key cognitive processes (executive function - decision making, planning, controlling impulses, and weighing risks against rewards) | prefrontal cortex |
| responsible for processing emotions, social stimuli, and rewards; for motor and action plans; for emotional memory formation | limbic system |
| binds diverse areas of the brain together by means of white matter-connecting pathways | large-scale functional networks |
| involves subcortical structures, such as the ventral striatum and amygdala, that respond to emotions and social stimuli and communicate back and forth with other brain structures located in the cortices | social network |
| involves areas of the ventral striatum and prefrontal cortex; processes pleasurable or rewarding stimuli | reward network |
| puberty elicits ___ to peers that requires more fine-grained and precise encoding of socially and emotionally relevant information | social reorientation |
| the theory that a gap between the maturation of the brain's reward circuit and the executive control system leads to a high rate of risk-taking | dual systems model of risk-tasking |
| a network of brain areas that has a heightened response to positive stimuli in the environment during adolescence | reward network |
| brain areas present in infancy that processes emotional and social stimuli (such as faces) and shows continued development in adolescence | social network |
| a network of brain areas involved in weighing alternatives, controlling impulses, and making decisions | executive control network |
| an evolutionary, old, subcortical region of the brain that detects rewards and threats in the external environment | limbic system |
| a real or perceived threat to well-being that results in a physiological and behavioral response | stress |
| an increase in cortisol concentration that occurs in the first hour after waking up from sleep | cortisol awakening response |
| a shift to later bedtimes and more daytime sleepiness in adolescence that involves both biological and environmental influences | sleep-wake shift |
| the brain's biological clock hypothalamus that governs the sleep-wake cycle | circadian timing system |
| a system in the brain that increases the individual's need for sleep as a function of the number of waking hours | homeostatic drive for sleep |
| consumption of five or more drinks on a single occasion | binge drinking |
| excessive use of a substance such as alcohol, tobacco, cannabis, or opioids that leads to problems in everyday life | substance use disorder |
| an eating disorder marked by extreme restriction of eating, an unhealthy body weight, and distorted body image | anorexia nervosa |
| an eating disorder involving recurrent episodes of binge eating and purging | bulimia nervosa |
| a disorder with recurrent episodes of binge eating without purging | binge-eating disorder |
| Stress includes two parts: | a demand or challenge and the response of the individual |
| when something perceived as an immediate stressor is encountered by an individual, ____ releases adrenaline into the bloodstream, which helps the body rapidly mobilize energy reserves in the muscles to engage in "fight or flight" | sympathetic-adrenal-medullary |
| Following the SAM, ___ swings into action. A cascade of hormones is secreted from the hypothalamus and pituitary gland and flows through the blood to the adrenal glands, releasing cortisol into the bloodstream. | hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis |
| timing of puberty influenced by | nutrition, health, heredity, body mass, and family stress |
| pubertal changes in boys (11.5-17/18) | growth of testes, penis enlarges, hair growth, voice deepens, acne, increases in penile erections, |
| pubertal changes in girls (9) | breast buds, pubic hair, fatty tissue in hips and buttocks, menstruation |
| possible causes of early puberty in girls | stress, obesity epidemic, agricultural hormones found in meat and dairy products, industrial chemicals (endocrine disruptors) |
| As and Ds of puberty for girls | unpopular, withdrawn, low confidence, more deviant behavior, negative body image, more long-term problems; popular, sociable, lively, school leaders, positive body image |
| As and Ds of puberty for boys | popular, confident, independent, positive body images; unpopular, anxious, talkative, attention seeking, negative body image |
Created by:
alumesi