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acute neuro disorder
patho exam 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| central nervous system | consists of brain and spinal cord |
| central nervous system association neurons | contained entirely within the CNS, usually relays from afferent to efferent |
| peripheral nervous system | cranial and spinal nerves; afferent (sensory) nerves, efferent (motor) nerves |
| afferent (sensory) nerves | dendrites distal to CNS and axons proximal; conducts impulses from receptor's to the CNS |
| efferent (motor) nerves | dendrites proximal to CNS and axons distal; conducts impulses from the CNS to effectors |
| somatic nervous system | voluntary, conducts impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscles |
| autonomic nervous system | conducts impulses from the CNS to cardiac muscles, smooth muscles, and glands |
| sympathetic division of the ANS | mobilizes body systems during activity |
| parasympathetic division of the ANS | conserves energy, promotes housekeeping functions during rest |
| neurodevelopment disorders | impairments of brain function occurring as brain develops; language, coordination, attention, behavior |
| why is a brain tumor an acute neurological disorder? | development is fast |
| brain tumors | space-occupying lesions that cause increase in intracranial pressure (ICP) |
| can a benign or malignant brain tumor be life threatening? | yes, unless accessible and removable |
| main problem of brain tumors | area where they grow is very compact so tumor increases intracranial pressure |
| what is a tumor never related to? | overgrowth of neurons |
| what forms the largest category of primary malignant tumors? | gliomas |
| primary malignant tumors rarely metastasize outside of what? | the CNS (blood brain barrier) |
| secondary brain tumor | metastasizing from breast or lung tumor |
| pathophysiology of primary malignant brain tumor | usually not well defined, invasive and have irregular projections into adjacent tissue, usually inflammation around the tumor |
| etiology of primary malignant brain tumor | brainstem and cerebellar tumors common in young children; adults: more frequently in the cerebral hemisphere |
| brain tumors signs and symptoms | seizures often a sign; headaches, vomiting, lethargy, irritability, personality and behavior change, possible unilateral facial paralysis, visual problem; do not cause the systemic signs of malignancy |
| brain tumors treatment | may cause damage to normal CNS tissue; surgery if accessible, chemotherapy and radiation |
| meningitis | inflammation of the meninges, may be secondary to other infections |
| different age groups infected with meningitis are susceptible to what? | different causative organisms |
| meningitis young adults | most often due to haemophiles influenzae bacteria (more often in the fall or winter) |
| meningitis children and young adults | neisseria meningitides or meningococci- classic meningitis pathogen |
| where is neisseria meningitides or meningococci frequently carried? | in the nasopharynx of asymptomatic carriers |
| What is neisseria meningitides or meningococci spread by? | respiratory droplets (late winter/ early spring) |
| meningitis older adults | streptococcus pneumonia- major cause |
| signs and symptoms of meningitis | sudden onset is common, severe headache, back pain, photophobia (irritation of optical nerve), nuchal rigidity, kerning sign, brudzinski sign, vomiting, irritability, lethargy, fever and chills with leukocytosis, progressing to stupor or seizures |
| kerning sign | moving patients legs causes movement in the meninges; cause a lot of pain if positive |
| bruzinski sign | moving patients legs causes movement in the meninges; cause a lot of pain if positive |
| diagnostic test for meningitis | examination of CSF (lumbar puncture); identify causative organism |
| treatment for meningitis | aggressive antimicrobial therapy, specific treatment for ICP and seizures, glucocorticoids (stop inflammation), vaccines are available for some types of meningitis |
| brain abscess | usually occurs when bacteria or fungi enter the brain tissue after an infection or severe head injury; pus filled swelling in the brain; usually necrosis of the brain tissue and a surrounding area of edema |
| where is a brain abscess frequently? | localized infection- frequently in the frontal and temporal lobes |
| where may a brain abscess spread from? | an organism in the ear, throat, lung, sinuses |
| what may a brain abscess result from? | septic emboli, acute bacterial endocarditis site of injury or surgery |
| brain abscess treatment | surgical drainage and antimicrobial therapy |
| encephalitis | infection of the parenchymal (nerve or glial cells) or connective tissue of the brain and spinal cord; necrosis and inflammation develop in brain tissue; infection may include meningesc |
| what may necrosis and inflammation development in brain tissue during encephalitis result in? | permanent damage |
| causes of encephalitis | viral infections, bacterial infections, autoimmune disorders, allergic reactions |
| examples of viral infections that can cause encephalitis | herpes simplex virus |
| examples of bacterial infections that can cause encephalitis | lyme disease, tuberculosis |
| examples of autoimmune disorders that can cause encephalitis | multiple sclerosis, lupus |
| examples of allergic reactions that can cause encephalitis | to vaccinations, medications |
| encephalitis early signs | severe headache, stiff neck, lethargy, vomiting, seizures, fever |
| encephalitis diagnosis | imaging tests (ex. CT scan, MRI), CSF analyses |
| what is tetanus caused by? | clostridium tetani |
| where can tetanus spores survive? | in soil (years); wound |
| what happens in tetanus? | exotoxin enters nervous system (effects motor system) |
| tetanus symptoms | tonic muscle spasm, jaw stiffness, difficulty swallowing, stiff neck, headache and skeletal muscle spasm, respiratory failure |
| what is herpes zosters (shingles) caused by? | varicella-zoster virus in adults; years after primary infection of varicella |
| what does herpes zoster (shingles) usually affect? | one cranial nerve or one dermatome |
| herpes zoster (shingles) symptoms | pain, paresthesia, vesicular rash; if antiviral drugs started within 48 hours of onset, pain is significantly reduced; lesion and pain persist for a few weeks |
| how long may postherpetic pain persist? | for months to years in some cases |
| vaccine for herpes zoster (shingles) | chickenpox |
| head injury | may involve skull fracture, hemorrhage and edema, direct injury to brain tissue |
| mild head injury | bruising of the tissue |
| life threatening head injury | destruction of brain tissue/ massive swelling of the brain |
| concussion | minimal brain trauma, reversible interference with brain function |
| what is a concussion caused by? | sudden excessive movement of the brain; mild blow to the head or whiplash type injury |
| what may follow a concussion? | amnesia and headaches |
| contusion | bruising of brain tissue, rupture of small blood vessel (inflammation and edema) |
| causes of contusion | blunt blow to the head- possible residual damage |
| closed head injury | skull is not fractured in injury, brain tissue is injured and blood vessel may be ruptured |
| when may extensive damage in a closed head injury occur? | when head is rotated |
| open head injuries | involved fractures or penetration of the brain |
| depressed skull fractures | involve displacement of a piece of the bone below the levels of the skull, compression of brain tissue, blood supply to area often impaired: pressure to brain |
| where do basilar fractures occur? | at the base of the skull |
| basilar fractures | leakage of CSF through ears or nose is possible |
| when may a basilar fracture occur? | when the forehead hits the windshield |
| contrecoup injury | area of the brain contralateral to the site of direct damage is injured, as brain bounces off the skull; may be secondary to acceleration or deceleration injuries |
| head injury | trauma to brain tissue; cell damage and bleeding lead to inflammation and vasospasm around injury site |
| what do head injuries cause? | loss of function in part of body controlled by the area of the brain |
| hematoma | classified by their location in relation to the meninges |
| signs and symptoms of head injury | focal signs, general signs of increased ICP, seizures, cranial nerve impairment may occur, otorrhea or rhinorrhea, fever (hypothalamus impairment or cranial systemic infection) |
| focal signs of head injury | neurological symptoms that affect a specific area of the brain or nervous system |
| head injury diagnosis | MRI and CT to determine the extent of the brain injury |
| head injury treatment | glucocorticoids agents (decrease edema), antibiotics (reduce infections), surgery (to reduce ICP), oxygen (to protect remaining brain tissue) |
Created by:
camrynfoster