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BIOL 1101 Exam Three
In-Class Notes, Adrenaline Signaling
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What happens when a cell emits a chemical signal? | signaling molecule binds to receptor, cell receives signal and responds |
| What happens to the synaptic vesicle in neuron signaling? | opens into synaptic cleft -> neutransmitter receptors take them in from other cell |
| What type of signaling is neuron signaling? | paracrine signaling |
| What are ligands in cell signaling? | signaling molecules that bind to receptor cells communicate to regulate |
| What are responses factors from? | environmental, development, homeostasis |
| What type of signaling is adrenaline signaling? | endocrine signaling |
| What class are adrenergic receptors in? | G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) |
| What is the storage form of glucose? | glycogen |
| What is the signaling pathway for adrenaline signaling? | Adrenalin binds to beta-adrenergic receptor (GPCR) -> Ga binds to GTP and Gb/Gy separate -> adrenylyl cyclase activates -> cAMP concentration increases -> activates PKA |
| How does PKA relate to glucose? | in liver, protein kinase A activates enzymes that release glucose from glycogen |
| How are signaling pathways normally turned off after responses? | through protein dephosphorylation |
| What are the components of a GPCR receptor? | binding site open to outside the cell, there are seven helices deep inside the cell membrane, binding of ligand induces conformational changes in the cell |
| How is a G protein couples receptor activated? | conformational change |
| How is a ligand-gated ion channel activated? | conformational change |
| How is receptor kinase activated? | dimerization activates enzyme activity |
| What does adrenaline bind to in the beginning of the pathway? | beta adrenergic receptor (a GPCR) |
| What is the conformational change in a heterotrimeric protein? | GDP -> GTP |
| What the inactive form of GPCR in the adrenaline signaling? | When GDP attached to Ga, Gb, and Gy in its trimer form |
| What is the active for of GPCR in the adrenaline signaling? | When GTP binds -> Ga-GTP dissociates from Gb/Gy |
| What type is the step of the G-protein receptor activation by ligand? | spatial spread of the signal |
| What happens at the activation of adenylyl cyclase/cAMP made step? | GTP binds and activates adenylyl cyclase -> cAMP made at the same time -> increases concentration of cyclic AM p int he cytoplasm |
| What type is the step of activation of adenylyl cyclase/cAMP made? | spatial spread AND amplification |
| How does cyclic AMP change PKA to its active form? | PKA in inactive form when binded to regulatory units -> cyclic AMP binds to regulatory units to free PKA |
| How does PKA increase glucose? | more active PKA -> more active glycogen phosphorylate |
| What is glycogen phosphorylate? | enzyme used to convert glycogen to glucose |
| What type is the step of increasing glucose by activating PKA | spatial spread AND amplification |
| How is the adrenaline signaling pathway turned off? | through protein dephosphorylation by phosphatases |
Created by:
goldengalleon