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Ch4 Anantomy Vocab
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| articular cartilage | dense, white, connective tissue that covers the articulating surfaces of bones at joints; protective covering for epiphysis |
| bone marrow | specialized flexible material with rich blood supply found within the marrow cavity of long bones; yellow marrow=fat, red marrow= blood cels |
| cortical bone | dense, solid bone that covers the outer surface of all bones and is the main form of bone tissue in long bones |
| diaphysis | the hollow shaft of long bones composed of cortical bone |
| epiphyseal plate | growth plate near the ends of long bones where osteoblast activity increases bone length |
| epiphysis | the bulbous end of a long bone |
| Haversian canals | major passageways running in the direction of the length of long bones, providing paths for blood vessels |
| Haversian system | (osteon) includes a single Haversian canal along w its multiple canaliculi, which branch out to join with lacunae, forming a comprehensive transportation matrix for supply of nutrients and removal of waste products |
| hematopoiesis | process of blood cell formation |
| lacunae | tiny cavities laid out in concentric circles around the haversian canals |
| medullary cavity | central hollow in the long bones |
| ossification | process of bone formation |
| osteoblasts | specialized bone cells that build new bone tissue |
| osteoclasts | specialized bone cells that resorb bone tissue |
| osteocytes | mature bone cells |
| osteon | a Haversian system |
| perforating (Volkmann's) canals | large canals that connect the Haversian canals; oriented across bones and perpendicular to Haversian canals |
| periosteum | fibrous connective tissue membrane that surrounds and protects the shaft (diaphysis) of long bones |
| remodeling | process through which adult bone can change in density, strength, and sometimes shape |
| trabecular bone | interior, spongy bone with a porous, honeycomb structure |
| atlas | the first cervical vertebra specialized to provide the connection between the occipital bone of the skull and the spinal column |
| axial skeleton | central, stable portion of the skeletal system, consisting of the skull, spinal column, and thoracic cage |
| axis | the second cervical vertebra specialized with an upward projection called the odontoid process, on which the atlas rotates |
| cervical region | the first 7 vertebrae, comprising the neck |
| coccyx | 4 fused vertebrae at the bass of the spine forming the tailbone |
| cranium | fused, flat bones surrounding the back of the head |
| facial bones | bones of the face |
| fontanel | openings in the infant skull through which the baby's pulse can be felt; enables compression of the skull during birth and brain growth during late pregnancy/early infancy |
| intervertebral discs | fibrocartilaginous cushions between vertebral bodies that allow bending of the spine and help create the normal spinal curves |
| lumbar region | low back region of the spine composed of 5 vertebrae |
| mandible | jaw bone |
| maxillary bone | two fused bones that form the upper jaw, house the upper teeth, and connect to all other bones of the face, with the exception of the mandible |
| sacrum | five fused vertebrae that form the posterior of the pelvic girdle |
| skull | the part of the skeleton composed of all of the bones of the head |
| sternum | breastbone |
| sutures | joints in which irregularly grooved, articulating bone sheets join closely and are tightly connected by fibrous tissues |
| thoracic cage | bony structure surrounding the heart and lungs in the thoracic cavity; composed of the ribs, sternum, and thoracic vertebrae |
| thoracic region | the 12 vertebrae in the middle of the back |
| vertebra | one of the bones making up the spinal column |
| appendicular skeleton | the bones of the body's appendages; the arms and legs |
| carpal bones | bones of the wrist |
| clavicle | doubly curved long bones that forms part of the shoulder girdle; collarbone |
| femur | thigh bone |
| fibula | bone of the lower leg, does not bear weight |
| humerus | major bone of the upper arm |
| lower extremity | bones of the hips, legs, and feet |
| metacarpals | the five interior bones of the hand, connecting the carpals in the wrist to the phalanges in the fingers |
| patella | kneecap |
| pelvis | bones of the pelvic girdle and coccyx at the base of the spine |
| radius | smaller of the two bones in the forearm;rotates around ulna |
| scapula | shoulder blade |
| shoulder complex | all joints surrounding the shoulder including the acromioclavicular. sternoclavicular, and glenohumeral joints |
| shoulder girdle | bones surrounding the shoulder, including the clavicle and scapula |
| tarsals | bones of the ankle |
| tibia | major weight bearing bone of the lower leg |
| ulna | larger bone of the lower arm |
| upper extremity | bones of the shoulders, arms, and hands |
| amphiarthrosis | joint type that permits only slight motions |
| articular fibrocartilage | tissue shaped like a disc or partial disc called a meniscus that provides cushioning at a joint |
| ball and socket joint | synovial joint formed between one bone end shaped roughly like a ball and the receiving bone reciprocally shaped like a socket |
| bursae | small capsules lined with synovial membranes and filled with synovial fluid; cushion structures they separate |
| condyloid joint | type of diarthrosis in which one articulating bone surface is an oval, convex shape, and the other is a reciprocally shaped concave surface |
| diarthrosis | freely movable joints, synovial joints |
| gliding joint | type of diarthrosis that allows only sliding motion of the articulating bones |
| hinge joint | type of diarthrosis that allows hingelike movements in forward and backward directions |
| ligaments | bands composed of collagen and elastic fibers that connect bones to other bones |
| pivot joint | type of diarthrosis that permits rotation around only one axis |
| saddle joint | type of diathrosis in which articulating bone surfaces are both shaped like the seat of a riding saddle |
| symphysis | type of amphiarthrosis joint in which a thin plate of hyaline cartilage separates a disc of fibrocartilage from the bones |
| synarthrosis | fibrous joint that can absorb shock, but permits little or no movement of articulating bones |
| synchondrosis | type of amphiarthrosis joint in which the articulating bones are held together by a thin layer of hyaline cartilage |
| syndesmosis | joint at which dense, fibrous tissue binds the bones together, permitting extremely limited movement |
| synovial joint | a diarthrodial joint |
| tendon | tissue band composed of collage and basic elastic fibers that connects a muscle to a bone |
| tendon sheaths | double layered synovial structures surrounding tendons subject to friction given their position close to bones; secretes synovial fluid to promote free motion of tendons during joint movement |
| amenorrhea | absence of menstrual period in women of reproductive age |
| anorexia nervosa | condition characterized by body weight 15% or more below the minimal normal weight range, extreme fear of gaining weight, an unrealistic body image,and amenorrhea |
| apophysis | site at which a tendon attaches to a bone |
| arthritis | family of more than 100 common pathologies associated with aging, characterized by joint inflammation, accompanied by pain, stiffness, and sometimes swelling |
| bulimia nervosa | disordered eating that involves a minimum of two eating binges a week for at least three months, and associated feeling of lack of control; obsession with body image |
| bursitis | inflammation of one or more bursae |
| dislocation | injury that involves displacement of a bone from its joint socket |
| female athlete triad | a combination of disordered eating, amenorrhea, and osteoporosis |
| fracture | any break of disruption of continuity in a bone |
| osteopenia | reduced bone mass without the presence of a fracture |
| osteoporosis | condition in which bone mineralization and strength are so abnormally low that regular, daily activities cause painful fractures |
| rheumatoid arthritis | autoimmune disorder in which the body's own immune system attacks healthy joint tissues; most debilitating/painful form or arthritis |
| sprain | injuries caused by abnormal motion of the articulating bones that result in overstretching or tearing of ligaments tendons, or other connective tissues crossing a joint |
| stress fracture | tiny, painful crack in bone that results from overuse |
| osteoarthritis | degenerative disease of articular cartilage, characterized by pain, swelling, range of motion restriction, and stiffness |
| metatarsals | small bones of the ankle |
| phalanges | bones of the fingers |
Created by:
espindan1