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Social Psychology
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| attribution theory | how we explain and understand our own and others' behavior as well as what caused events to happen |
| dispositional/internal attribution/factors | behavior caused by personal, internal traits (internal processes, stereotypes, implicit thinking), used to judge others |
| situational/external attribution/factors | behavior is the result of the current situation (external processes), used to explain or justify behavior |
| implicit thinking | our assumptions or beliefs about types of people, different traits/behaviors, our automatic personal perception |
| explicit thinking | deliberately aware of perceptions, judgements, decisions, etc. takes time to process and think out information |
| fundamental attribution error | judging other people's behavior only based on dispositional factors (stereotypes/judgment), underestimates impact of situational factors |
| actor-observer bias | contributes to fundamental attribution error, attributing others' behavior to dispositional factors but attributing your behavior to situational factors |
| our attributions have... | real consequences, no matter if they are situational or dispositional |
| attitudes | feelings influenced by our beliefs that cause us to respond in a particular way towards people, objects, or events |
| peripheral route of persuasion | stored in short-term memory, uses emotions or a person's attractiveness/status to persuade someone, influences people with superfical cues |
| central route of persuasion | stored in long-term memory, uses logic and evaluation of information to persuade people, causes people to focus on the argument and the facts |
| foot-in-the-door | asking a person for a smaller request first and later asking them for a bigger request, they will most likely comply to the bigger request (asking for $5 then $50) |
| door-in-the-face | asking a person for a bigger request in hopes that later on they will agree to a smaller one (asking for $50 and then $5) |
| role | a set of expectations/norms about a social position, defining how those in that position should behave |
| cognitive dissonance | the mental discomfort or stress experienced when a person holds conflicting beliefs, values, or attitudes, or when their actions contradict their beliefs, motivates people to reduce the discomfort by changing their behavior or beliefs or rationalization |
| norms | an understood rule for accepted and expected behavior |
| factors that increase the likelihood of conformity | feeling insecure, participating in a group with 3 or more people, when everyone else in the group agrees and you don't, admiration of the group's attractiveness and status |
| chameleon effect | a person's tendency to unconsciously imitate others' expressions, postures, and mannerisms, type of conformity |
| normative conformity | when people conform to group behavior to be liked and accepted by the group |
| informational conformity | when people change their opinions or behaviors because they believe others have more accurate information (you think they're right) |
| factors that increase the likelihood of obedience | the person giving orders was close by or seemed to have an authority position, the authority figure is supported by a prestigious institution, the victim is at a distance/in another room, there are no role models that defy authority |
| social control | the power of the situation |
| personal control | the power of the individual |
| minority influence | the power of one or two individuals to sway the majority and change their opinion |
| social facilitation | improved or very good performance on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others (what you do well, you are likely to do even better in front of an audience, what you normally find difficult may feel hard to do when you are being watched.) |
| social loafing | the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when contributing to the group to reach a common goal, give less effort than when held individually accountable |
| why does social loafing occur? | people in groups feel less accountable and therefore worry less about what others think, members may think their contributions are not needed, when members share equally in the benefits regardless of how much they contribute |
| deindividuation | the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster anonymity |
| group polarization | the tendency for a group's attitudes to become more extreme after a discussion than they were before the discussion began, make more extreme decisions than an individual would |
| groupthink | a group's drive for harmony overrides a realistic suggestion of alternatives, leading to poor decision-making, members hide their issues/fears about the ideas supported by the group, more concerned about everyone getting along |
| culture shock | when we don't understand what is expected or accepted in a different culture |
| prejudice | an unjustifiable and usually negative attitude towards a group and its members; generally involves stereotyping, negative feelings, and bias towards discrimination |
| stereotype | a generalized (sometimes accurate) but often overgeneralized belief about a group of people |
| discrimination | unjustifiable negative behavior towards a group and its members |
| explicit prejudice | a conscious and openly expressed negative attitude towards a group |
| implicit prejudice | an automatic, unconscious attitude or bias towards a group of people |
| just-world phenomenon | the belief that the world is fair and that people get what they deserve and deserve what they get (karma), bad things happen to bad people, |
| social identities | part of self-concept that comes from a person's group memberships |
| in-group | the people with whom we share a common identity, a group we are part of |
| out-group | those that we perceive as different or not part of the in-group (other people not in your group) |
| in-group bias | the tendency to favor our own group over the other groups |
| scapegoat theory | explains how individuals or groups unfairly blame a person or a group for their own problems or frustrations, especially during times of stress |
| other-race effect | the tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than the faces of other races |
| frustration-aggression principle | the theory that frustration (the blocking of an attempt to achieve a goal) creates anger, which can generate aggression |
| mere exposure effect | the more time we spend with someone or an idea, the more we grow to like/dislike them, causes 1st impressions to change, reduces uncertainty we feel |
| altruism | helping others in need with no personal reward |
| diffusion of responsibility | when people are less likely to take action because they think someone else will, shared responsibility, the cause of the bystander effect |
| bystander effect | people are less likely to help in a group; more people around = less chance of help because of diffusion of responsibility, depends on who the people are, the result |
| best chance of helping someone occurs when | the person appears to need and deserve help, the person is similar to us, the person is a woman, we saw someone else being helpful, we aren't in a hurry, we are in a small/rural town, we are feeling guilty, we aren't preoccupied, we are in a good mood |
| social exchange theory | social behavior is an exchange process that aims to maximize benefits and minimize costs |
| reciprocity norm | a social expectation that people should return favors and kindness they have received from others |
| social responsibility norm | an expectation that people will help those that need help |
| social traps | a situation where individuals or groups pursue short-term gains that lead to negative, long-term consequences for the collective/mutually destructive behavior, occurs when groups don't cooperate (Robber's Cave) |
| halo/primacy effect | 1st impressions last and are hard to change, people remember the first items or information presented in a list or sequence more easily than those in the middle |
| conformity | the adjustment of one’s opinions, judgments, or actions so that they become more consistent with the opinions, judgments, or actions of other people |
| self-serving bias | claiming personal responsibility for an achievement but attributing failures to some external/situational factors |
| self-schema | describing yourself in a way that you made yourself be/sound different or better than others |
| confirmation bias | believing something even though there is contradictory evidence |
| self-fulfilling prophecies | acting in way to live up to someone else's expectations of you |
| social pressure | individuals act in certain ways because others think they should |
| social impairment | a lack of natural communication with others, lessened empathy and awareness of others, a shortage of social reciprocity with others |
| physical proximity | geographic nearness (how geographically distant one person is from another) |
| reciprocal liking | you are more likely to like someone back who likes you |
| similarity | we are attracted to similar backgrounds, attitudes, and interests as well as people who challenge us and make us nervous |
| familiarity | brain doesn't know if you like the person or like the experience / feelings that surround that person |
| physical attractiveness | predicts dating frequency, they are perceived as healthier, happier, more honest, and more successful than less attractive counterparts |
| triangular theory of love | intimacy (physical/emotional), passion (need for and attachment to another person), commitment (care for the person and desire to help them) |
| passionate love | physical, short term, intimacy and passion |
| companionate love | emotional, long term, friendship, intimacy, commitment |
| consummate love | contains all 3 components (intimacy, passion, commitment), both passionate and companionate, lifelong partner |
Created by:
ts2819