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Unit 1 pt2 Psych
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Consiousness | Awareness of ourselves and our environment |
| Cognitive Neuroscience | the interdisciplinary study of brain activity linked with cognition (thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating) |
| Dual processing | the principal that information is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tasks |
| Parallel processing | processing multiple aspects of a stimulus simultaneously |
| Sequential (serial) processing | processing one aspect of a stimulus or problem at a time, generally used to process new info or to solve difficult problems |
| Blindsight | a condition in which a person can respond to a visual stimulus without consciously experiencing it |
| Sleep | a periodic, natural loss of consciousness- as distinct from unconsciousness resulting from a coma, general anesthesia or hibernation |
| NREM sleep | non-rapid eye movement sleep; encompasses all sleep stages expect for REM sleep |
| Sleep cycle order | NREM1-NREM2-NREM3-NREM2-NREM1-REM |
| Alpha waves | the relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake person |
| NREM 1 (1st cycle) | a brief stage, during which a person might experience hallucinations and hypogenic sensations |
| Hallucinations | false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absences of external visual stimuli |
| hypogenic sensations | bizarre experiences, such as jerking or a feeling of falling or floating weightlessly, while transitioning to sleep |
| NREM2 (2nd cycle) | is about 20 minutes long, and sleep spindles appear on the EEG |
| NREM3 (3rd cycle) | deep sleep, marked by delta waves, hard to awaken people due to the brain an body being in deep sleep |
| Delta waves | the large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep |
| REM Sleep | rapid eye movement, a reoccurring sleep stage during which dreams commonly occur, muscles are relaxed, but other body systems are active |
| Circadian Rhythm | our biological clock, regular bodily rhythms that occur on a 24- hour cycle |
| suprachiasmatic nuclues | a pair of cell clusters in the hypothalamus that controls circadian rhythm. In response to light, the SCN adjusts melatonin production, thus modifying our feelings of sleepiness |
| Sleep deprivation may lead to: | drained energy, falling asleep often, offsetting metabolism, mood changes |
| insomnia | reoccurring problems with falling asleep and staying asleep |
| sleep apnea | disorder characterized by temporary cessations where one stops breathing throughout the night, but then starts again, snoring |
| Narcolepsy | sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks where the person just falls asleep and goes right into REM sleep |
| REM sleep disorder | disorder in which normal REM paralysis does not occur; instead twitching, kicking, or punching many occur, often acting out ones dream |
| Dream | a sequence of images, emotions, and thought passing through a sleeping persons mind |
| REM rebound | the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation. Researchers often don't agree with this function of dreams, but do agree that we need sleep |
| Sensation | the process by which our sensory receptors and neuron system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment |
| Sensory receptors | sensory nerve endings that respond to stimuli |
| perception | the process by which our brain organizes and interprets sensory information, enabling us to recognize objects and events as meaningful |
| bottom-up processing | info processing that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brains integration of sensory |
| top-down processing | info processing guided by higher-level mental processes as when we consent perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations |
| all our senses perform 3 tasks | 1. receive information 2. transform energies 3. deliver info to the brain |
| transduction | conversions of one form of energy into another. In sensation, the transforming of physical energy; such as sights, sounds, and smells into neural impulses |
| psychophysics | the study of relationships between physical characteristics of stimuli, such as their intensity, and our psychological experiences of them |
| Absolute threshold | the minimum amount of stimulus energy needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time |
| Signal detection theory | a theory predicting how and when we predict the presence of a faint stimuli (signal) amidst the background noise and how decision making processes influence this detection |
| subliminal | below ones absolute threshold for conscious awareness |
| difference threshold | minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50% of the time we experience the difference threshold as a just noticeable difference |
| Webers' law | the principle that, to be perceived as different, thru stimuli must differ by constant minimum percentage |
| sensory adaptation | diminished sensitivity as a consequence |
| wavelength | the distance from peak to peak of one light wave or sound. Electromagnetic wavelengths vary from short gamma waved to long pulses of radio transmission |
| Hue | the dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of light; what we know as the color names like blue & green |
| intensity | amount of energy in a light wave or sound wave, which influences what we perceive as brightness or loudness. Determined by the waves amplitude (length ) |
| Cornea | The eyes clear, protective outer layer, covering the pupil and iris |
| Pupil | The adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters |
| Iris | a ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening |
| Lens | the transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina |
| Retina | the light-sensitive back inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones, plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information |
| Accommodation | the process by which the eyes lens changes shape to help focus images of near and far objects on the retina |
| Rods | retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray and are sensitive to movement. Rods are needed for peripheral vision as well as twilight vision |
| Cones | retinal receptors that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in daylight of well-lit conditions. Cones detect fine detail and give rise to color sensations. |
| Fovea | the central focal point in the retina, around which the eys cones cluster |
| optic nerve | the nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain |
| blind spot | the point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a "blind" spot because no receptor cells are located there |
| trichromatic three color theory | the theory that the retina contains three different types of color receptors, one sensitive to red, green, and blue |
| opponent- processing theory | the theory that opposing retinal processes (red-green, blue-yellow, white-back) enable color vision |
| feature detectors | nerve cells in the brains visual cortex that respond to specific specific features of the stimuli, ex. shape, angle, movement |
| parallel processing | processing multiple aspects of a stimuli or problem simultaneously |
| Audition | the sense of hearing |
| frequency | the number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time |
| pitch | a tone's experiences highness or lowness; depends on frequency |
| amplitude | the height of a sound wave, connects our perception of loudness; the higher the amplitude the louder the sound |
| outer ear | the pinna, and auditory canal |
| middle ear | the chamber between the eardrum and which the cochlea contains three tiny bones that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum on the cochlea's oval window |
| inner ear | innermost part of the ear; containing the cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs |
| cochela | a coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear; sound waves traveling through the cochlear fluid trigger nerve impulses |
| sensorineural hearing loss | most common type of hearing loss, caused by damage to the cochlea's receptor cells or the auditory nerve |
| conduction hearing loss | a less common hearing loss, caused by damage to mechanical system that conducts sounds waved to the cochlea |
| cochlear implant | a device for converting sounds into electrical signals and stimulating the auditory nerve through electrodes |
| place theory | in hearing, the theory that lines the pitch we hear with the places the cochlea's membrane is stimulated |
| frequency matching theory | the theory that the raes of nerves impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of tone, enabling us to sense pitch |
| touch | skin is our largest sensory receptor; pressure, warmth, cold, and pain |
| gate control theory | theory that says the spinal cord contains a neurological "gate" blocking pain signals |
| Nociceptors | are specialized sensory receptors that detect harmful temperatures, pressures, or chemicals |
| physical treatments | medicines, surgeries, electrical stimulation, |
| psychological treatments | placebos, distractions |
| placebos | pain control by tricking your brain into thinking its taking painkillers |
| Distractions | having your brain focus in on something else by keeping it busy with another task |
| gustation | sense of taste |
| olfaction | sense of smell |
| kinesthesis | movement sense; our system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts. |
| vestibular sense | balance sense; sense of body movement and positioning that enables our sense of balance |
| sensory interaction | the principle that that one sense can influence another, as when the smell of food influences taste |
| embodied cognition | the influences of bodily sensations, gestures, and other sensations, gestures, and other states cognitive preferences and judgements |
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