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muscels
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What do actin and myosin do in your muscles? | They slide past each other to make muscles contract and relax, generating force and movement. |
| What’s special about muscle tissue? | It’s self-healing, highly vascular (uses lots of blood), and can grow stronger with use. |
| What fuels contraction and relaxation? | ATP (adenosine triphosphate). |
| What are the three types of muscle tissue? | Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle. |
| Describe skeletal muscle. | Voluntary, striated, and attached to bones; responsible for movement. |
| Describe cardiac muscle. | Involuntary, striated, found only in the heart; pumps blood. |
| Describe smooth muscle. | Involuntary, non-striated, found in organs; moves substances like food and blood. |
| How do skeletal muscles cause movement? | They pull on bones across joints when they contract |
| Why are skeletal muscles considered independent organs? | Each has its own blood vessels, nerves, and connective tissue. |
| Describe the construction of a skeletal muscle. | Made of bundles of muscle fibers containing myofibrils, wrapped in connective tissue and attached to tendons. |
| What are the three types of connective tissue in muscles? | Epimysium perimysium , and endomysium |
| What are the two rules for proteins? | 1️⃣ Proteins change shape when something binds to them. 2️⃣ Proteins can bind to other things |
| Myofibrils are divided into what? | Sarcomeres, the functional units of contraction |
| : Describe actin. | Thin filament with active sites for myosin heads to attach. |
| Describe myosin. | Thick filament with heads that grab and pull actin during contraction. |
| What is the model of muscle contraction called? | The Sliding Filament Model. |
| What obstacles does actin have to overcome? | Tropomyosin and troponin block binding sites; calcium binds to troponin to move tropomyosin and allow contraction |
| What else is in the skeletal system besides bones? | Cartilage, ligaments, and joints |
| What is a joint? | A place where two or more bones meet to allow movement or stability. |
| : How do body movements happen? | Muscles contract and pull on bones across joints |
| What are the two major parts of the skeleton? | Axial and appendicular skeletons |
| What does the axial skeleton include? | Skull, vertebral column, and rib cage. |
| How many cranial and facial bones are in the skull? | 8 cranial bones and 14 facial bones. |
| How many bones are in the vertebral column? | 26 total (24 vertebrae + sacrum + coccyx). |
| How many ribs does the human body have? | 24 ribs (12 pairs). |
| What does the appendicular skeleton include? | : Limbs and girdles (shoulder and pelvic). |
| What is the arrangement of the limbs? | One long bone, two smaller bones, then small bones |
| What are the two ways joints are classified? | Structurally and functionally. |
| Describe structural classification. | Based on what binds the bones |
| Describe functional classification. | Based on how much movement is allowed (none, slight, or free). |
| What is a non-moving joint called? Example? | Synarthrosis — skull sutures. |
| What is a slightly movable joint called? Example? | Amphiarthrosis — vertebral joints or pubic symphysis |
| What is a freely movable joint called? Example? | Diarthrosis — knee or shoulder. |
| What are the three structural classifications of joints? | Fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial. |
| Describe fibrous joints. | Joined by fibrous tissue, no cavity, immovable |
| Describe cartilaginous joints. | Joined by cartilage, slightly movable (like ribs or spine). |
| Describe synovial joints. | Fluid-filled cavity, freely movable (like knees, elbows, shoulders). |
| What are the six types of synovial joints? | Plane, hinge, pivot, condylar, saddle, and ball-and-socket. |
| : Gliding movements occur in what kind of joint? | Plane joints (wrists, ankles). |
| : What is flexion? | Bending a joint to decrease the angle between bones. |
| What is hyperextension? | Extending a joint beyond its normal range. |
| Which joints can do flexion and hyperextension? | Hinge and ball-and-socket joints. |
| What is abduction? | Moving a limb away from the body’s midline. |
| : What is adduction? | Moving a limb toward the body’s midline. |
| What is circumduction? | : Moving a limb in a circular motion (arm circles). |
| What is rotational movement? | : Bone turns around its own axis |
| What joint allows rotation? | Pivot joint (neck, forearm). |
| Which joint allows opposition (thumb movement)? | : Saddle joint in the thumb. |
| : What joints rotate palms forward or backward? | Pivot joints between radius and ulna. |
| What is supination? | Turning the palm upward or forward. |
| : What is pronation? | Turning the palm downward or backward. |
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