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Micro
Innate Defenses
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the first line of defenses ? | Unbroken skin Ciliated cells Lysosomes coughing Vomiting |
| What is the second line of defense? | Blood clot mast cell Cytokines Leukocytes |
| (skin) Epithelial cells are ? | Compacted cemented together and impregnated with keratin Thick tough layer that is highly impervious and waterproof Few pathogens can penetrate this unbroken layer |
| (skin) Hair follicles? | Hair shaft periodically extruded Follicle cells are desquamated |
| (skin) Sweat glands? | Flushing effect of sweat glands helped remove microbes |
| Mucous membranes of the? | Digestive urinary and respiratory tracts and of the eye |
| Mucous membranes are? | Moist and permeable Provide barrier protection without keratinized layer Mucus coat impedes the entry and attachment of bacteria |
| Blinking and tear protection do what for the eye? | Read The Eye of Irritants |
| Flow saliva does what? | Carries microbes to harsh conditions of stomach |
| The respiratory tract? | Nasal hair traps larger particles |
| Genitourinary tract? | Protection through the continuous trickle of urine through ureters and bladder emptying that flushes the urethra Vaginal secretions provide cleansing of the lower reproductive tract in females |
| Resident microbiota? | Provides microbial antagonism Blocks access of pathogens to epithelial surfaces Creates unfavorable environments for pathogens such as compete for nutrients and alters local PH |
| (Non specific chemical defenses skin and mucous membranes) Sebaceous secretions do what ? | Exert an antimicrobial effect |
| (Non specific chemical defenses skin and mucous membranes) Lysozymes? | Found in tears and saliva Hydrolysis is peptidoglycan In the cell walls of bacteria Lactic acid and electrolyte concentration in sweat Skins acidic PH and fatty acid content |
| (other non specific chemical defenses) what's in the stomach? | Hydrochloric acid |
| (other non specific chemical defenses) What's in the intestines? | Digestive juices bile It's also a basic environment |
| (other non specific chemical defenses) Semen has what? | Antimicrobial chemicals |
| (other non specific chemical defenses) The vagina has a protective? | Acidic PH maintained by normal biota |
| Pathogen recognition? | White blood cells move throughout the body searching for potential pathogens Trained to recognize self or body cells and non self bacterial cells or other invading pathogens |
| What are the major functions of the lymphatic system ? | Provide an auxiliary route for return of extracellular fluid to the circulatory system Acts as a drain off system for inflammatory responses |
| (Structures of body defenses) The lymph? | A fluid similar to plasma but does not have plasma proteins |
| (Structures of body defenses) The lymphatic vessels? | Carry lymph from peripheral tissues to the venous system |
| (Structures of body defenses) The lymphoid tissues and lymphoid organs examples? | priors patch spleen and tonsils appendix |
| (Structures of body defenses) Lymphocytes? | Phagocytes and other immune system cells (white blood cells) |
| tell me about the Thymus ?(site of T-cell maturation) (4) | Triangular structure in the pharyngeal region Largest proportionally at birth Exhibits high rates of growth and activity and growth until puberty Shrinks gradually through adulthood |
| Lymph nodes? | Small encapsulated bean shaped organs Stationed in clusters along lymphatic channels and large blood vessels |
| What are the lymph nodes major aggregations? | Loses connective tissue in armpit Groin Neck Ideal for filtering out materials that have entered the lymph |
| Locations of lymph nodes most common? | Cervical region= Swollen/swelling Axillary region= Breast cancer Inguinal region= Checking men for cancer others Supratrochlear region Pelvic cavity Abdominal cavity Thoracic cavity |
| The Spleen? | Extremely vascular Serves as a filter for blood instead of lymph |
| What is the primary functions of the spleen? | Removes worn out red blood cells from circulation |
| What is the immunological function of the spleen? | Filters pathogens from the blood for phagocytosis by macrophages |
| Mucosa associated lymphoid tissues known as (malt) include what? | Lymphoid tissues associated with the digestive respiratory urinary and reproductive system |
| Peyers patch? | Clusters deep to intestinal epithelial lining |
| Appendix location? | A blind pouch hanging off the cecum of the large intestines |
| (Composition of whole blood) Plasma? | Clear yellowish fluid Centrifugation done directly with Anticoagulants Clotting factors present Given to patients lacking blood cells |
| (Composition of whole blood) Serum? | The same as Plasma except it contains NO Clotting factors Used in immune testing and therapy |
| (Lymphocytes) Activation of B lymphocytes? | Antibody mediated immunity |
| (Lymphocytes) Activation of T lymphocytes? | Cell mediated immunity |
| Monocytes and macrophages? | Largest of all white blood cells three to 7% of circulation Cytoplasm holds granules containing digestive enzymes |
| Macrophages? | monocytes that have left blood circulation Long lived and able to multiply Among the most versatile and important of cells |
| Dendritic cells? | Has long thin cells process Phagocytic Ingestion of bacteria and viruses stimulates them to move to the lymph nodes and spleen Highly effective processors and presenters of foreign proteins |
| Histiocytes? | Specialized microphages that migrate to a certain tissue and remain there during their lifespan aveolar macrophages Kupffer for cells in the liver Dendritic cells in the skin Macrophages in spleen lymphomodes bone marrow kidney bone and brain |
| Chemotaxis and ingestion? | Pamps Recognized by phagocytes and other defensive cells Serve as signal molecules on the surface of microbes Examples Peptidoglycan lipopolusaccharide Double stranded RNA Not present in mammals |
| Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) ? | Found on the surface of phagocytes dendritic cells endothelial cells and lymphocytes Recognized in bind pamps Found on the surface at all times regardless of whether they have encountered a PAMP |
| Toll like receptors function roll? | Toll like receptors AKA TLR Pattern recognition receptors expressed in many different cell types Act as sentinels against a wide range of pathogens associated molecule patterns and danger associated molecule pattern molecules Wide ranging impact on sev |
| What are the floor classic signs and symptoms of inflammatory response? | rubor= Redness Calor= Warmth Tumor= Swelling Dolor= Pain |
| What's the 5th sign? | Loss of function |
| Functions of inflammation? | Attract immune components to the site of injury Clear away harmful substances Destroy microbes and block their further invasion |
| Exudate? | Bloodborne components that escape into extracellular space |
| Edema? | Local swelling and firmness due to accumulation |
| Chemotaxis? | Tendency of white blood cells to migrate in response to a specific chemical stimulus given off at a site of injury or infection |
| Benefits of edema and chemotaxis? | dilutes toxic substances Clot can trap microbes |
| What is Pus? | Whitish Massive sells the liquefied cellular debris and bacteria |
| (Adjunct to inflammation) Fever? | An abnormally elevated body temperature Tries to kill the bacteria |
| What are the ranges of fever? | Low grade= 37.7 Celsius to 38.3 Celsius (100-101) Moderate= 38.8 Celsius to 39.4 Celsius (102-103) High= 40 Celsius to 41.1 Celsius (104-106) |
| Pryrogens? | Reset hypothalamic thermostat to a higher setting |
| Exogenous? | Originating outside the body |
| Endogenous? | Inside the body Monocytes neutrophils and macrophages |
| Benefits of fever? | Inhibits multiplication Impedes the nutrition of bacteria Increases metabolism and stimulates immune reactions |
| Treatment of fever? | A 104 is when it needs to be shut down Slight to moderate fever in An otherwise healthy person should be allowed to run its course Potential benefits and minimal side effects All medical experts agree high and prolonged fevers are risky and should be t |
| Characteristics of antiviral inferons? | Not virus specific Synthesis in response to one cell type will always protect against other cell types Produce industrially as a treatment for virus infections |
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hw0993422