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Matter and energy
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Matter | Anything that is composed of atoms or a combination of atoms, must have mass and occupy volume |
| Homogeneous | Homo=same Uniform composition |
| Heterogeneous | Hetero=different Varying composition |
| Pure substances | Composed of a single type of particle throughout (atoms, molecules, or ions) |
| What are the two different types of properties | Chemical and Physical |
| Elements | composed of only one type of atom (cannot be decomposed) |
| Allotrope | Different forms of the same element, They have different properties because of different structures |
| Monatomic | Consisting of one atom |
| Diatomic | Consisting of two of the same atom |
| Compounds | Two or more elements that are chemically combined in a fixed ratio (liquids, solids, and gases look different in diagrams) |
| Mixtures | A physical combination of more than one type of substance |
| Solvent | The thing that doses the dissolving |
| Solute | The thing that is dissolved |
| Filtration | based on differences in particle size |
| Distillation | Based on differences in boiling points |
| Paper chromatography | Based on differences in attractive forces |
| Crystallization | Based on differences in solubility level |
| Energy | The ability to do work (Measured in Joules or Calories) |
| Calorie | The amount of heat required to raise 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius (1 cal = 4.18 J) |
| Kinetic energy | energy of motion |
| Potential energy | Stored energy or energy due to position |
| Activation energy | the energy required to start a reaction |
| Law of conversation of energy | Energy cannot be created nor destroyed, it is just transfered from one form to another |
| Exothermic reactions | Release heat, (Potential energy decreases), Energy is written as an end product |
| Endothermic reactions | Absord heat (Potential energy increases), Energy is a reactant |
| Temperature | The measure of the average kinetic energy of the molecules of a substance |
| How to convert Kelvin to Celsius (Vice Versa) | K = C + 273 |
| How to convert Farenheit to Celsius (Vice Versa) | F = 1.8(C) + 32 |
| Boiling point of water in Celsius | 100 |
| Boiling point of water in Farenheit | 212 |
| Boiling point of Water in Kelvin | 373 |
| Melting point of water in Celsius | 0 |
| Melting point of water in Kelvin | 273 |
| Melting point of water in Farenheit | 32 |
| Absolute zero | The point where there is no movement in the particles |
| Solid | Particles are close together in a fixed geometric pattern, have a definite volume and shape, exhibits vibrational motion |
| Liquid | Particles are randomluy arranged but still pretty close together (definite volume but no definite shape), Vibrational, rotational, and translational motion |
| Gas | Particles are randomly arranged and far apart, (no definite volume or definite shape) |
| Super cooled liquid | Appear to be solid but have no set crystal pattern Ex: Glass |
| Endothermic reactions | Melting and Boiling |
| Exothermic reactions | Freezing and Condesation |
| Sublimation | The change of a solid directly to a gas |
| Deposition | The change of a gas directly to a solid |
| heat capacity of water | 4.18 J/g Celsius |
| When to use Q = MC^T | When there is a change in temperature |
| When to use Q = MHf | When it mentions melting or freezing |
| When to use Q = MHv | When is mentions evaporation or condensing |
| Solid lines | Phase boundaries between solid, liquid, and gas |
| Triple point | A specific temperature and pressure at which all three phases of matter can exist simultaneously together in equilibrium |
| Critical point | The last temperature at which gas can be liquefied |
| "Normal" | Standard pressure |
Created by:
29wernera