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Unit 1B
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Concsiousness | Our subjective awareness of ourself and our enviorment |
| cognitive neuroscience | the interdisciplinary study of brain activity linked with cognition (thinking, knowing, remembering, communicating) |
| dual processing | the principle that information is often stimutaneously processed on separate conscius and unconscious tracks |
| blindsight | a condition in which a person can respond to a visual stimulus without consciously experiencing it. |
| parallel processing | processing multiple aspects of a stimulus stimutaneously |
| sequential processing | processing 1 aspect of a stimulus or problem at a time; generally used to solve difficult problems |
| sleep | a periodic, natural loss of consciousness- as distinct from unconciousness resulting from a coma, general anesthesia or hibernation. |
| circadian rhythm | our biological clock; regular bodily rhythms that occur on a 24 hour cycle |
| REM sleep | Rapid eye movement sleep; a recurring sleep stage during which dreams commonly occur |
| Alpha waves | the relatively slow brainwaves of a relaxed awake state. |
| NREM Sleep | Non-rapid eye movement sleep; encompasses all sleep stages except for REM sleep |
| hallucinations | False sensory experiences such as seeing something in the absence of external visual stimuli |
| hypnagogic sensations | bizarre experiences such as jerking or a feeling of falling or floating weightlessly while transitioning to sleep. |
| delta waves | The large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep |
| suprachiasmatic nucleus | A pair of cell clusters in the hypothalamus that controls circadian rhythm. in response to light the SCN adjusts melatonin production thus modifying our feelings of sleepiness |
| insomnia | recurring problems in falling and staying asleep |
| narcolepsy | a sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. the affected person may lapse into REM sleep, often at innapropriate times. |
| sleep apnea | a sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings |
| REM sleep behavior disorder | A sleep disorder in which normal REM sleep paralysis does not occur; instead, twitching, kicking or punching may occur, often acting out ones dreams. |
| dream | a sequence of images, emotions and thoughts passing through a sleeping persons mind. |
| sigmund freud | |
| REM rebound | The tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation |
| Sensation | the process by which our receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from out enviorment |
| sensory receptors | sensory nerve endings that respond to stimuli |
| perception | The process by which our brain organizes and interprets sensory information enabling us to recognize objects and events as meaningful |
| Bottom up processing | information processing that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brains integration of sensory information |
| top down processing | information processing guided by higher level mental processes as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations |
| transduction | conversion of 1 form of energy into another. in sensation the transformation of physical energy such as sights,sounds and smells into neural impulses the brain can interpret. |
| psychophysics | the study of relationships between physical characteristics of stimuli such as their intensity and our psychological experiences of them |
| absolute threshold | the minimum stimulus energy needed to detect a particular stimulus 50 percent of the time |
| signal detection theory | theory predicting how and when we detect presence of a faint stimulus (signal) amid the backround stimulation (noise); assumes there is no single absolute threshold and detection depends partly on a persons experience, expectations, motivation & alertness |
| subliminal | below ones absolute threshold for conscious awareness |
| priming | |
| difference threshold | minimum difference between a stimuli required for detection 50% of the time. we experience the difference the difference threshold as a just noticeable difference |
| webers law | the principle that, to be percieved as different, 2 stimuli must differ by constant minimum percentage (rather than contsant amount) |
| sensory adaptation | |
| wavelength | Distance from the peak of 1 light wave or sound wave to the peak of another. electromagnetic wavelength vary from short gamma waves to long pulses of radio transmition |
| hue | dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of light; what we know as the color names, blue, red, etc. |
| intesity | amount of energy in a light wave or sound wave, which influences what we perceive as brightness or loudness. intensity is determined by waves amplitude |
| cornea | eyes clear protective outer layer covering the pupil and iris |
| pupil | adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters |
| iris | ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls size of pupils opening |
| lens | transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina |
| retina | light sensitive back inner surface of eye containing receptor rods and cones, plus layers of neurons that begins the processing of visual information |
| accomidation | process by which eyes lens changes shape to focus images of near and far images on the retina |
| rods | retinal receptors that detect black, white, grey and are sensitive to movement. rods are necessary for periherpal vision and twilight vision, when cones dont respond. |
| cones | retinal receptors that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in daylight or well lit conditions. cones detect fine detail and give rise to color sensations |
| optic nerve | nerve that carries neural impulses from eye to brain |
| blindspot | point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye creating a "blind" spot because no receptor cells are located there. |
| fovea | central focal point in the retina around which the eyes cones cluster |
| Young helmholtz trichromatic theory | the theory that the retina contains 3 different types of color receptors. one most sensitive to red, one to green, one to blue, which when stimulated in combination, can produce the perception of any color. |
| opponent process theory | the theory that opposing retinal processes (red-green, blue-yellow, white-black) enable color vision. for example some cells are stimulated by green and inhibited by red, others are stimulated by red and inhibited by green. |
| feature detectors | nerve cells in the brains visual cortex that respond to specific features of the stimulus, such as shapes angle or movement |
| audition | the sense or act of hearing |
| frequency | number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time |
| pitch | tones experienced highness or lowness; depends on frequency |
| middle ear | chamber between eardrum and cochlea containing 3 tiny bones which concentrate vibrations of the eardrum on the cochleas oval window |
| cochlea | a coiled, bony, fluid filled tube in the inner ear; sound waves traveling through the cochlear fluid trigger nerve impulses |
| inner ear | innermost part of the ear containing the cochlea, semicircular canals and vestibular sacs |
| sensorineural hearing loss | most common form of hearing loss. caused by damage to the cochleas receptor cells or to the auditory nerve; also called nerve deafness |
| conduction hearing loss | less common form of hearing loss, caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea |
| cochlear implant | device for converting sounds into electrical signals and stimulating the auditory nerve through electrodes threaded into the cochlea |
| place theory | in hearing, the theory that links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochleas membrane is stimulated (also called place coding) |
| frequency theory | the theory that the rate of the nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense pitch |
| gate control theory | theory that says the spinal cord contains a neurological "gate" that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain. |
| gustation | our sense of taste |
| olfaction | our sense of smell |
| kinesthesis | our movement sense; our system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts |
| vestibular sense | our balance sense; our sense of body movements and position that enables our sense of balance |
| sensory interaction | the principle that one sense can influence another, as when the smell of food influences its taste |
| embodied cognition | the influence of bodily sensations, gestures and other states on cognitive preferences and judgements. |
Created by:
hoffemil