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intro to psych
exam 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Q: What are mental representations? | A: Internal images, words, or concepts that stand for things in the world. |
| Q: What is thinking? | A: Manipulating mental representations to reason, solve problems, and make decisions. |
| Q: Why are mental representations useful? | A: They let us plan, imagine future events, understand hidden meanings, and think beyond the present moment. |
| Q: How is intelligence defined? | A: The ability to use knowledge and skills to solve problems, make decisions, and adapt to new information. |
| Q: What is the CHC model of intelligence? | A: A hierarchical model with general intelligence at the top, broad abilities in the middle (like fluid and crystallized intelligence), and many specific skills at the bottom. |
| Q: What factors influence intelligence? | A: Genetics, environment, education, nutrition, motivation, culture, and socioeconomic status. |
| Q: What is System 1 thinking? | A: Fast, automatic, emotional, intuitive thinking. |
| Q: When is System 1 optimal? | A: Simple decisions, quick judgments, familiar situations, survival responses. |
| Q: What is System 2 thinking? | A: Slow, deliberate, effortful, logical thinking. |
| Q: When is System 2 optimal? | A: Complex problems, unfamiliar tasks, long-term decisions, analytical reasoning. |
| Q: What is confirmation bias? | A: Tendency to seek or favor information that supports existing beliefs, leading to flawed reasoning. |
| Q: Why can heuristics be adaptive? | A: They save mental effort and allow fast decisions, especially under uncertainty. |
| Q: Availability heuristics | A: Judging likelihood based on how easily examples come to mind |
| Q: Representativeness heuristic? | A: Judging category membership by similarity |
| Q: Anchoring and adjustment heuristic? | A: Relying too heavily on first information given |
| Q: Hindsight bias? | A: Believing you “knew it all along” after an event happens. |
| Q: How do frames affect decision making? | A: Choices change depending on presentation. People take risks when outcomes are framed as losses and prefer sure gains when framed positively. |
| Q: What are nature-based motivators? | A: Biological drives like hunger, thirst, sex, sleep, survival instiQ: Representativeness heuristic?ncts. |
| Q: What are nurture-based motivators? | A: Learned goals, culture, achievements, social rewards, habits, environment. |
| Q: Why can motivations conflict? | A: We can have multiple goals at once that push in different directions. |
| 1. Physiological needs | Food, water, sleep |
| 2. Safety needs | Security, shelter, stability |
| 3. Love and belonging | Friends, family, intimacy |
| 4. Esteem needs | Achievement, respect, feeling capable |
| 5. Self-actualization | Personal growth, fulfilling potential |
| Q: Intrinsic motivation? | A: Doing something because it is enjoyable or meaningful. |
| Q: Extrinsic motivation? | A: Doing something to earn a reward or avoid punishment. |
| Q: What influences achieving long-term goals? | • Self-control and delayed gratification • Setting realistic, specific strategies • Monitoring progress • Supportive environment • Managing distractions and stress |
| Q: What do emotions do? | • Help us communicate • Organize actions toward goals • Prepare the body to respond (fight/flight) • Guide decision making • Strengthen social bonds |
| Adaptive example: . | Fear helps avoid danger |
| Maladaptive example: | Anxiety interferes with normal functioning. |
| Q: Non-useful emotion regulation methods? | • Suppressing feelings • Rumination (staying stuck on negative thoughts) • Avoidance (numbing with substances or distraction) • Aggression toward others |
| Q: Useful emotion regulation methods? | • Cognitive reappraisal (reframing a situation) • Problem-solving • Mindfulness and grounding • Seeking social support • Healthy physical outlets like exercise or rest |
| Q: What is the main takeaway from the biopsychosocial model? | A: Health and illness are influenced by interactions between biological, psychological, and social factors. |
| Q: Why might people engage in behaviors harmful to long-term health? | A: Short-term rewards, habits, stress, social pressures, lack of knowledge, or emotional coping can drive risky behavior. |
| Q: What does positive psychology suggest to improve biopsychosocial well-being? | A: Cultivate optimism, gratitude, social connections, purpose, and mindfulness to improve mental, social, and physical health. |
| Q: What is stress? | A: Our biopsychosocial reaction to any perceived threat or challenge. |
| Q: Unhelpful responses to stress? | A: Avoidance, substance use, rumination, aggression, withdrawal. |
| Q: Helpful responses to stress? | A: Problem-solving, seeking support, relaxation techniques, cognitive reframing, exercise. |
| Q: What are the components of problem-focused constructive coping? | • Identify the problem • Generate solutions • Take actionable steps • Monitor progress |
| Q: Why might one engage in emotion-focused constructive coping? | A: When a situation cannot be changed, emotion-focused strategies help manage feelings and reduce negative impact. |
| Q: How can psychology help reduce test anxiety? | • Practice effective study habits (spacing, retrieval) • Reframe negative thoughts (“I can handle this”) • Get sufficient sleep and exercise • Relaxation and breathing exercises • Positive visualization and goal-setting |
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