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HBS #4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is a skeletal muscle? ( Is it striated, is it voluntary, where is it located in the body, what is the function in the body?) | A muscle connected to the skeleton; helps move the limbs and other parts of the body. Yes - striated. Yes - Voluntary, Located between the bones of the body. Helps chew and swallow, maintain body posture, expand/contract chest cavity, protect joints |
| What is the smooth muscle? ( Is it striated, is it voluntary, where is it located in the body, what is the function in the body?) | A tissue made for contraction and composed of smooth muscle fibers. No - striated. No - voluntary. Located in the walls of hollow organs, such as blood vessels, in charge of passage width control, transports substances, and act as gatekeepers. |
| What is the cardiac muscle? ( Is it striated, is it voluntary, where is it located in the body, what is the function in the body?) | Yes - striated. No - voluntary. Located in the heart, making up the middle layer. Function- Pups blood throughout the body by coordinating contractions and relaxations of the heart. |
| What are the skeletal muscle functions? | Produce movement, maintain posture, stabilize joints, and generate heat. |
| What is the sarcolemma? | The specialized plasma membrane on a skeletal muscle. |
| What are the myofibrils? | They are long organelles inside muscle cells. |
| What is the sarcoplasmic reticulum? | The specialized smooth endoplasmic reticulum. |
| What are the I bands? | They are the light bands that only contain thin filaments. |
| What are the A bands? | They are the dark bands that contain the entire length of the thick filaments. |
| What is a sarcomere? | A contractile unit of a muscle fiber (Segment of a myofibril) |
| What are the thick filaments and what are the thin filaments in a muscle? | Thick - myosin and Thin - actin |
| What are some points about myosin and actin? | Myosin- made of the protein myosin, have heads and overlap the actin somewhat. Actin - made of the protein actin, anchored to the z disc. |
| What are cross bridges? | A temporary molecular structure that forms between the myosin heads of a thick filament and the actin binding sites of a thin filament in muscle cells |
| What is the endomysium? | A thin layer of connective tissue that surrounds each individual muscle fiber |
| What is the epimysium? | The external connective tissue sheath of a muscle |
| What are epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium? | They are three layers of connective tissue that surround and support skeletal muscles. |
| What is a fascicle? | A bundle of skeletal muscle fibers surrounded by perimysium, a type of connective tissue |
| What is a muscle fiber? | An elongated cell that makes up skeletal muscle tissue. |
| What is a tendon? | A fibrous connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone. |
| What is a fibrous joint? | A fixed, or immovable, joint that connects bones. It is made primarily of collagen. |
| What is a cartilaginous joint? | A joint that has some motion to it with hyaline or fibrous cartilage present, in the space between articulating bones. |
| What is a synovial joint? | A moveable joint that contains synovial fluid in the space around it to reduce friction; the most common type of joint in the body. |
| What are the six types of synovial joints? | Hinge joint, saddle joint, ball and socket joint, condyloid joint, pivot joint, and plane joint |
| What is a hinge joint? | Bone moves like a hinge allowing Flexion and extension movements. (elbow) |
| What is a saddle joint? | Allows for a big range of motion in two different axes. |
| What is a stable joint? | Joint's ability to restrict movement? |
| What is a plane joint? | Bones don't articulate but rather glide. Many bones are involved and are surrounded by strong ligaments which limit range of movement. |
| What is a ball and socket joint? | Has the widest range of motion. Allows for abduction, adduction, Flexion, extension, with multiple axial planes. |
| What is a condyloid joint? | Gives joint a wide range of motion and the movements are only limited y articular shape. |
| What is a mobile joint? | The joint's ability to move freely in a given range of motion. |
| What is a pivot joint? | A type of joint that articulates within a ring made out of a ligament that secures it to another bone. |
| What are the major methods for getting ATP? | Aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration, and phosphagen system. |
| What is the phosphagen system? | The body's fastest way to generate energy for short, high intensity activities by using creatine phosphate to resynthesized ATP. (A type of anaerobic respiration) |
| What is aerobic respiration? | The body's way to produce energy in the presence of oxygen. |
| What is anaerobic respiration? | The body's way of creating ATP without the presence of oxygen. |
| How is cardiac muscle resistant to fatigue? | It is due to it's reliance on aerobic respiration for energy which provides a continuous supply of ATP while also providing enough oxygen to the body to survive. |
| How long do the various energy system last? | Aerobic: 4-6 seconds, Anaerobic: 40 seconds, Phosphagen system: 15 seconds = 60 seconds in total of energy. |
| Explain the sliding filament theory (general): | A neuron is fired and goes to the neurotransmitter and signals it to open the cell and allow NA into the cell. The NA goes to the sarcoplasmic reticulum and tells it to release the calcium. The calcium goes to the troponin and latches on. |
| Explain the sliding filament theory part 2: | The troponin tells the tropomyosin to move and reveal the myosin binding sites on the actin. Using ATP, the myosin latches onto the actin and moves, making the muscle shorten and contracting. Then magenisum replaces the calcium and the muscle relaxes. |
| What is the job of the orbicularis oculi? | Blinks. |
| What is the job of the zygomaticus? | Drawn up the corners of the mouth. |
| What is the job of the buccinator? | Brings cheeks inward. |
| What is the job of the orbicularis Oris? | Purses lips / kissing |
| What is the job of the temporalis? | Closes mandible. |
| What is the job of the occipitalis? | Moe's scalp posteriorly |
| What is the job of the masseter? | Closes the mandible |
| What is the job of the sternocleidomastoid? | Flexes the neck. |
| What is the job of the trapezius | Extends the neck. |
| What is the job of the rectus abdonminis? | Flexes the vertebral cloumn. |
| What is the job of the external oblique? | Flexes and rotates the vertebral column. |
| What is the job of the transversus abdonminis? | Used in forced compress of the abdomen. |
| What is Flexion? | It is decreasing the angle of the joint. It brings two bones closer together and typical of hinge joints. |
| What is Extension? | Increases angle between two bones. |
| What is abduction? | Movement of a limb away from the midline |
| What is adduction? | Movement of a limb toward the midline. |
| What is rotation? | Movement of a bone around its longitudinal axis. |
| What is Dorsiflexion? | Lifting the foot so that the superior surface approaches the shin. |
| What is plantar Flexion? | Depressing the foot (pointing the toes) |
| What is inversion? | Turn sole of foot medially |
| What is eversion? | Turn sole of foot laterally. |
| What is circumduction? | Combination of Flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction. Common in ball and socket joints. |
| What is supination? | Forearm rotates laterally so palm faces anteriorly. |
| What is pronation? | Forearm rotates medially so palm faces posteriorly. |
| What is the purpose of using a goniometer? | To measure an angle or to allow an object to be rotated to a specific position. |
| What tests positive with the anterior drawer test? | ACL |
| What tests positive with the posterior drawer test? | PCL |
| What tests positive with the valgus stress test? | MCL |
| What tests positive with the vaurs stress test? | LCL |
| What is the purpose of kinesiology tape? | To support the muscle and joints and to help with drainage. |
| What is hyaline cartilage? | Found in the larynx and entire fetal skeleton prior to birth. |
| What is elastic cartilage? | Found in the external ear |
| What is fibrocartilage? | Forms cushion-like discs between vertebrae. |
| What are the intercostals? | In between ribs, move air in and out of the lungs |
| What is the pectoralis minor? | On anterior surface of ribs |
| What are the three parts to the pectoralis major? | Abdominal head, Sternocostalis head, clavicular head. |
| What is the origin and insertion? | Origin is the muscle's stationary attachment point and insertion is the moveable attachment point. |
| What are the six rules of the muscles? | Muscle must have at least two attachments and must cross at least one joint. Muscle always pull and get shorter. Attachment that moves is insertion and attachment that doesn't move is origin. |
| What are the six rules of the muscles (part 2)? | Muscles that decrease the angles are flexors and Muscles that increase the muscle are extenors. Muscles work in opposite pairs, muscle Striations point to the attachments and show the direction of pull. |
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