The phenomenon is the central focus or experience being explored in the research. It represents what is being studied — the lived experiences, perceptions, or meanings people assign to a particular situation or issue.

Participants (The “Who”)

The who are the individuals or groups who have experienced the phenomenon and can provide meaningful, first-hand insights.

A strategic selection process based on participants’ relevance to the phenomenon. Sampling types include: Criterion sampling Snowball sampling Maximum variation sampling Homogeneous sampling

The unit of analysis defines the level at which data are examined (individual, group, organization, etc.). It must align with the research purpose — e.g., exploring teachers’ individual experiences vs. a school’s collective culture.

Context shapes both the who and what of a study. It includes social, institutional, historical, and geographic settings that influence the phenomenon.

The boundaries define what is included and excluded in the study — time, location, participants, and scope. This helps keep the research manageable and coherent.

Researchers must clearly define key concepts early in the design process. This clarity supports alignment between the purpose, research questions, and chosen methodology.

The researcher’s critical self-awareness of how their background, biases, and assumptions influence the research process. Encourages transparency and credibility in interpretation.

Viewing the phenomenon from the participant’s point of view — understanding their meanings, language, and experiences.

Multiple Constructed Realities

Recognizes that reality is subjective — each participant experiences and interprets the world differently. The researcher’s task is to represent these varied perspectives authentically, not to find a single truth.

Autoethnography is a qualitative research approach in which the researcher studies their own lived experience to gain insight into a broader cultural, social, or institutional phenomenon.

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EDL Qualitative EM

Semester Terms

Term	Definition
Phenomenon	The phenomenon is the central focus or experience being explored in the research. It represents what is being studied — the lived experiences, perceptions, or meanings people assign to a particular situation or issue.
Participants (The “Who”)	The who are the individuals or groups who have experienced the phenomenon and can provide meaningful, first-hand insights.
Purposeful Sampling	A strategic selection process based on participants’ relevance to the phenomenon. Sampling types include: Criterion sampling Snowball sampling Maximum variation sampling Homogeneous sampling
Unit of Analysis	The unit of analysis defines the level at which data are examined (individual, group, organization, etc.). It must align with the research purpose — e.g., exploring teachers’ individual experiences vs. a school’s collective culture.
Context	Context shapes both the who and what of a study. It includes social, institutional, historical, and geographic settings that influence the phenomenon.
Research Boundaries	The boundaries define what is included and excluded in the study — time, location, participants, and scope. This helps keep the research manageable and coherent.
Conceptual Clarity	Researchers must clearly define key concepts early in the design process. This clarity supports alignment between the purpose, research questions, and chosen methodology.
Reflexivity	The researcher’s critical self-awareness of how their background, biases, and assumptions influence the research process. Encourages transparency and credibility in interpretation.
Emic Perspective	Viewing the phenomenon from the participant’s point of view — understanding their meanings, language, and experiences.
Multiple Constructed Realities	Recognizes that reality is subjective — each participant experiences and interprets the world differently. The researcher’s task is to represent these varied perspectives authentically, not to find a single truth.
Autoethnography	Autoethnography is a qualitative research approach in which the researcher studies their own lived experience to gain insight into a broader cultural, social, or institutional phenomenon.

Created by: user-2000971

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