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R1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| three standard anatomical planes for visualising the brain | 1) coronal or frontal plane 2) the sagittal plane 3) horizontal or axial plane |
| coronal/frontal plane | vertical plan splits the brain into front and back sections |
| sagittal plane | vertical plane splits the brain into right and left sections |
| axial plane | horizontal plane splits the brain into upper and lower sections |
| anterior | front |
| posterior | back |
| rostral | front of "the beak" |
| caudal | tail end |
| superior | top |
| inferior | bottom |
| dorsal | toward the top or back |
| ventral | toward the belly |
| medial | middle |
| lateral | toward the slide |
| contralateral | on the opposite |
| ipsalateral | same side |
| nervous system | body command centre and communication network |
| ns | processes information relays sensory input coordinates actions by transmitting signals to and from other body parts |
| nervous system divided | central peripheral |
| central | brain and spinal cord |
| peripheral | nerves outside the brain and spinal cord and forms the communication network between the CNS and other body parts |
| PNS | serves as a communication relay between the cns and muscles, organs and glands |
| pns nerves | connected to the brain cranial nerves spinal cord spinal nerves |
| pns is not protected | by the bone of the skull and spine |
| pns does not | have a barrier between itself and blood (blood brain barrier) leaving it exposed to toxins and mechanical injuries |
| pns can be divided into the autonomic nervous system | controls bodily functions without conscious control |
| somatic nervous system | transmits sensory information from the skin, muscles and sensory organs to the central nervous system |
| peripheral nervous system also | sends motor commands from the cns to the muscles |
| the autonomic nervous system serves as the relay | between the CNS and internal organs |
| autonomic nervous system controls ANS | the lungs, the heart, smooth muscle, exocrine and endocrine glands |
| Control these organs | largely ANS without conscious control |
| continuously monitor ANS | the conditions of these different systems and implement changes as needed |
| two divisions of the autonomic nervous system | opposing effects of the symapethetic nervous system and parasympethetic nervous sustem |
| sympathetic | fight fight surprise person feels when encounter snake |
| SNS | accelerated heart rate inhibited digestion help prepare organisms for physical strain |
| PNS | rest digest resets organ function after S nervous is activated adrenaline dump feel after fight flight event |
| symapthetic and parasympethic | push and pull manner |
| parasympathetic functions | slowing heart rate lowered blood presssure simulation of digestion |
| somatic nervouus system manages external interactions | sensing the environment via sensory neurons and sending commands to skeletal muscles via motor neurons |
| SNS | often governs voluntary behaviours initiated by complex brain processes |
| SNS example | hear your name interpret the speech and turn your head towards the sound |
| SNS is made up of cranial and spinal nerves | contains both sensory and motor neurons |
| sensory neruons | tramsit sensory information from the skin, skeletal muscles and sensory organs to CNS |
| motor neurons | transmit messages about desired movement from the CNS to skeletal muscles to make them contract |
| without SNS | animal would be unable to process any information about its environment and could not control motor movements |
| cranial nerves | humans have 12 cranial nerves nerves emerge from the skull cranium and opposed to spinal nerves which emerge from vertebral column |
| each cranial nerve accorded a name | some cranial nerves transmit only sensory information |
| cranial nerve example | olfactory nerve transmits information about smells from nose to olfactory regions in brain |
| other cranial nerves | transmit almost solely motor information |
| ocolomotor nerve | eyelid and eye mocements |
| other cranial nerves | mix of sensory and motor fibre role in both taste (sensory) and swallowing (motor) |
| spinal nerves | transmit sensory and motor information between spinal cord and rest of body each of the 31 spinal nerves in humans contain both sensory and motor axons |
| the sensory neuron cell bodies grouped in structures | called dorsal root ganglia dorsal = toward back |
| each sensory neuron | projects from a sensory receptor in skin, muscle or sensory organs to a synapse with a nueron in the dorsal spinal cord |
| motor neruons have cell bodies | ventral gray matter of spinal cord project to muscle through ventral root (ventral=towards belly) |
| these motor neruons | stimulated by interneurons within spinal cord sometimes directly stimulated by sensory neruons (as in a reflex arc) |
| each spinal nerve corresponds to different body regions | spinal nerves that exit near the top of spine correspond to shoulders and arms |
| spinal nerves bottom of spine | leg and feet |
| central nervous system | brain and spinal cord |
| brain and spinal cord enclosed in three layers of protective coverings | called meninges |
| outermost layer | dura mater thick layer that protects the brain and spinal cord and contains large blood vessels |
| mid layer | arachnoid mater |
| innermost layer | pia mater - contracts and covers the brain and spinal cord like a plastic wrap |
| subarachnoid space between the arachnoid and pia maters | filled with cerebrospinal fluid fluid that helps cushion and protect the brain and spinal cord |
| spinal cord | major bundle of nervous tissues that extends from the brainstem to the backbone to the lumbar region of the spine |
| spinal cord part two | transmits information from skin, muscles and internal organs to brain and vice versa |
| afferent signal | information that travels from the bodily periphery towards the brain (or deeper centrally within the brain) |
| efferent signal | information that travels away from the brain such as a motor command to a muscle |
| addiction to sending information to and from the brain | spinal cord controls some simple reflexive movements like removing your hand from a hot object and the knee reflex |
| these reflexive movements | very fast because the sensory signal is processed and the motor command is initiated directly in the spinal cord |
| processing in the spinal cord | avoids the time consuming signal transmission to and from the brain, saving hundreds of milliseconds to protect our tissue from damage |
| spinal cord | also houses central pattern generators that control some simple rhythmic movements such as walking |
| experiments with cats | shown that even after severing the spinal cord (cutting commands from the brain) cats can still produce relatively normal walking on a treadmill |
| spinal cord protected by the bony vertebrae in the backbone | cushioned by cerebrospinal fluid |
| 10, 000 spinal cord injuries each year USA | the spinal cord is the information superhighway connecting the brain with the body, damage to spinal cord can lead to paralysis |
| example spinal cord injury | damaged at the level of the neck can cause paralysis from the neck down whereas damage further down the spinal column may limit paralysis to the legs |
| spinal cord injuries | notoriously difficult to treat because spinal nerves do not regenerate, although ongoing research suggests that stem cell transplants may be able to act as a bridge to reconnect severed nerves |
Created by:
brendonpizarro1