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Breath of Fresh Air
VMT Chapter 9
| Respiratory System | Brings oxygen from the air into the body for delivery via the blood to the cells |
| What is picked up from the cells and brough back to the lungs? | Carbon Dioxide |
| What properties does carbon dioxide have and what is it involved in? | Acid properties, Involved in maintaining the bodies acid-base status |
| Repiration | Diffusion of gases between the atmosphere and the cells of the body |
| Internal / Cellular Respiration | Gas exchange between the blood and the cells |
| External Respiration | Absorption of atmospheric oxygen by the blood in the lungs and diffusion of carbon dioxide from the blood in the lungs to atmospheric air |
| Ventilation | Intake of fresh air, may be neutral or assisted |
| Natural Ventilation | Normal Breathing |
| Assisted Ventilation | Use of a ventilator |
| Ventilators | Devices that aid in breathing and should not be called respirators |
| What is in the Upper Respiratory Tract? | Nose, Mouth, Pharynx, Epiglottis, and Larynx |
| What is in the Lower Respiratory Tract? | Trachea, Bronchi, Bronchioles, and Alveoli |
| What are structures open to the outside lined with? | Mucous Membranes that may or may not have cilia to help filter air |
| Where does air enter and exit through? | The nose |
| Nas/o, Rhin/o | Nose |
| What are pig noses called? | Snouts |
| What are nostrils also called? | Nares |
| Endotherms | Warm-blooded animals |
| Nasal Turbinates | Conchae, scroll-like cartilages covered with highly vascular mucous membranes |
| What do the nasal turbinates do? | Warm, Humidify, and Filter inspired air |
| Meatus | Passage that separates the nasal cavity into dorsal and ventral |
| meat/o | Opening or Passageway |
| Nasogastric tube | Tube that passes through the nose down to the stomach, placed through the ventral nasal meatus |
| Vestibule | Rostral part of the nostrils and nasal cavity |
| What is the nose divided by? | Nasal Septum |
| Sept/o | Partition |
| What do Cilia do? | Filter the air to remove debris |
| Olfactory Receptors | Responsible for the sense of smell, nerve endings located in the mucous membranes of the nasal cavity |
| Olfact/o | Smell |
| Canine Sinuses | Frontal and Maxillary |
| Feline Sinuses | Frontal, Maxillary, and Sphenoid |
| Bovine Sinuses | Frontal, Maxillary, Sphenoid, and Palatine |
| Equine Sinuses | Frontal, Maxillary, Sphenoid, Palatine, and Conchal |
| Swine Sinuses | Frontal, Maxillary, Sphenoid, Lacrimal, and Conchal |
| Tonsils | Lymphatic tissue that protect the nasal cavity and proximal throat |
| Tonsill/o | Tonsils |
| Sinus | Air-filled or fluid-filled spaces |
| What are sinus in the respiratory system? | Air-filled or fluid-filled spaces in the bone to make it lighter and help produce sound |
| Sinus/o | Sinus |
| Pharynx | Throat, passageway for the upper respiratory system and GI tract |
| Where does the pharynx extend to? | Extends from the caudal part of the nasal passages and mouth to the larynx and connects the nasal passages to the larynx and the mouth to the esophagus |
| Pharyng/o | Throat |
| What are the three divisions of the pharynx? | Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, and Laryngopharynx |
| Nasopharynx | Portion of the throat posterior to the nasal cavity and dorsal to the soft palate |
| Oropharynx | Portion of the throat between the soft palate and epiglottis |
| Laryngopharynx | Portion of the throat dorsal to the larynx that opens into the voice box and esophagus |
| Which of the three pharynx divisions are responsible for air entering through the nose? | Nasopharynx |
| Which of the three pharynx divisions are responsible for air entering through the nose and food entering through the mouth? | Oropharynx and Laryngopharynx |
| During swallowing, what moves dorsally and caudally to close off the nasopharynx and why? | Soft palate, to prevent food from going into the nasal cavity |
| Palat/o | Palate |
| What acts like a lid and covers the larynx during swallowing while also covering the opening to the trachea? | Epiglottis |
| Epiglott/o | Epiglottis |
| Larynx | Located between the pharynx and trachea, voice box, contains vocal cords |
| Vocal cord | Paired membranous bands in the larynx that help produce sound |
| Laryng/o | Voice box |
| Where is the vocal apparatus found? | Glottis |
| Where is the Glottis found? | Between the vocal cords |
| What does air passing through the glottis cause? | Vibration of the vocal cords to produce sound |
| Glott/o | Glottis |
| Syrinx | Vocal apparatus of avian species located between the trachea and bronchi |
| Air passes from the larynx to the _____ and extends from the neck to the _____ | Trachea, Chest |
| What is the trachea commonly called? | Windpipe |
| Trachea attaches to the larynx in the neck and passes through the ____ or chest cavity, through the ______ _____. | Thorax, Thoracic Inlet |
| What is located ventral to the esophagus and is help open by c-shaped cartilaginous rings? | Trachea |
| Where are the open part of the c-shaped rings? Dorsal or Ventral | Dorsal |
| What is the trachea lined with to help filter debris | Cilia |
| Trache/o | Windpipe |
| What is the distal end of the trachea called that splits into two branches? | Tracheal Bifurcation |
| Bronchi | Branches from the trachea |
| Bronch/o | Bronchi |
| Bronchial Tree | Continual division of bronchi and its branches appears similar to a tree |
| Each bronchus that leads to a separate lung is called a _______ or ______ ________. | Principal, Primary Bronchus |
| Secondary Bronchi | Principal bronchi are divided into tertiary or segmental bronchi |
| Tertiary bronchi | Smaller units of the secondary bronchi, also called bronchioles or bronchiolus |
| -ole | Small |
| Bronchiol/o | Bronchiole |
| What two things do bronchioles not contain? | Cartilage or glands |
| What is the last portion of a bronchiole that does not contain alveoli? | Terminal bronchioles |
| What is the last portion of the branches of the bronchioles? They have alveolar outcroppings that branch into ______ ______. | Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts |
| Alveoli | Air sacs in which most of the gas exchange occurs |
| Alveolus | Small grapelike cluster at the end of each bronchiole |
| Alveolus is connected to the bronchiole via an ______ _____. | Alveolar Duct |
| Alveol/o | Small Sac |
| Alveoli have _____, ______ membrane walls that are surrounded by a network of _______ _______. | Thin, Flexible, Microscopic Capillaries |
| Where does gas exchange occur? | Alveolar membranes |
| What diffuses into the blood in alveolar capillaries and binds to what hemoglobin in erythrocytes? | Oxygen |
| Carbon Dioxide diffuses from the _____ across the alveolar membrane into the ______. | Plasma, Alveolus |
| When an animal exhales, air is pushed out of the _____, back up through what tract? | Alveolus, Respiratory |
| Alveoli contain liquid to reduce what? What is this liquid called? | Alveolar surface tension Surfactant |
| What does surfactant prevent? | Collapse of the alveoli during expiration |
| What is contained within the ribs? | Thoracic Cavity |
| Cost/o | Ribs |
| Intercostal | Pertaining to between the ribs |
| Thorac/o, -thorax | Chest Cavity |
| Lung | Main organ of respiration that separate into left and right divisions called lobes |
| Lobes | Well-defined portion of an organ used to describe areas in the lung, liver, and other organs |
| lob/o | Well-defined portion |
| pneum/o, pneumon/o, pneu | Lung or Air |
| pulm/o, pulmon/o | Lung |
| What are the functional elements of the lung collectively called? | Lung Parenchyma |
| What is the framework of an organ called? | Stroma |
| Mediastinum | Space between the lungs that houses the heart, aorta, lymph nodes, esophagus, trachea, part of the bronchial tubes, nerves, thoracic duct, and thymus |
| Each lung is encased in a membranous sac called the _____. | Pleura |
| Pleur/o | Membrane surrounding the lung |
| Parietal pleura | Outer layer of the membrane lining the inner wall of the thoracic cavity |
| Visceral Pleura | Inner layer of the membrane lining the outside of the lung |
| Pleural Space | Space between the parietal pleura and visceral pleura that contain a small amount of lubricating fluid. |
| Pleural Fluid | Prevents friction when membranes rub together during respiration and provides adhesive force to keep the lungs in contact with the chest wall as it expands during inspiration |
| What separates the thoracic and peritoneal cavities? | Diaphragm |
| dia- | across |
| phragm/o | wall |
| Contraction of the diaphragm causes what to happen in the lungs? | Causes air pressure in the lungs to drop below atmospheric pressure which produces a vacuum in the thoracic cavity to draw in air |
| What happens when the diaphragm relaxes? | Negative pressure is no longer generated and air is forced out o the lung |
| diaphragmat/o, phren/o | Diaphragm |
| Diaphragmatic Hernia | Abnormal displacement of organs through the muscle separating the chest and abdomen |
| What nerve innervates the diaphragm? | Phrenic Nerve |
| Inhalation / Inspiration | Drawing in of breath |
| Exhalation / Expiration | Release of breath |
| spir/o | Breath / Breathing |
| -pnea | Breathing |
| Apnea | Absence of breathing |
| Dyspnea | Difficult or labored breathing |
| Bradypnea | Abnormally slow respiratory rates |
| Tachypnea | Abnormally rapid respiratory rates |
| Hyperpnea | Abnormal increase in the rate and depth of respirations |
| Hypopnea | Abnormally slow or shallow respirations |
| Hyperventilation | Abnormally rapid deep breathing resulting in decreased levels of cellular carbon dioxide |
| Agonal Breathing | Respirations near death or during extreme suffering |
| What does respiration involve? | Diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide |
| ox/i, ox/o, and ox/y | O2 |
| capn/o | CO2 |
| Hypoxia | Inadequate supply of oxygen to tissue despite an adequate blood supply to |
| Hypercapnia | To excessive amounts of carbon dioxide in the blood |
| Hyperventilation | Abnormal increase in the rate or depth of breathing, may lead to hypocapnia |
| Hypocapnia | Decrease in carbon dioxide levels in the blood |
| What is formed when carbon dioxide dissolves in water? | Reacts with the water to form carbonic acid (H2CO3) |
| When carbon dioxide breaks down into a weak acid, what is it affecting? | Blood pH |
| Respiratory Acidosis | Excessive amount of carbon dioxide in the blood due to decreased ventilation causing a lower pH of blood |
| Respiratory Alkalosis | Abnormally low carbon dioxide levels due to increased ventilation |
| Metabolic Acidosis / Metabolic Alkalosis | Changes in blood pH resulting from metabolic factors such as vomiting and renal disease |
| Tidal Volume | Amount of air exchanged during normal respiration |
| Inspiratory Reserve Volume Complemental Air | Amount of air inspired over the tidal volume |
| Expiratory Reserve Volume Supplemental Air | Amount of air expired over the tidal volume |
| Residual Volume | Air remaining in the lungs after a forced expiration |
| Dead Space | Air in the pathway of the respiratory system |
| Minimal Volume | Amount of air left in alveoli after the lung collapses |
| Vital Capacity | Largest amount of air that can be moved in the lung |
| Arterial Blood Gases | Laboratory test in which pressure levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide are measured in arterial blood, ABG |
| Adventitious Sounds | Pathologic respiratory sounds |
| Crepitation | Fine or coarse interrupted crackling noises coming from collapsed or fluid-filled alveoli during inspiration (Rales or Crackles) |
| Consolidation | Condition in which lung tissue becomes firm and solid rather than elastic and air-filled due to accumulated fluids and tissue debris |
| Rhonchi | Abnormal, continuous, musical, high-pitched whistling sounds heard during inspiration, Wheezes |
| Stridor | Snoring, Squeaking, or Whistling that suggest airway narrowing |
| Vesicular Sound | Sound resulting from air passing through small bronchi and alveoli |
| Bronchoalveolar Lavage | Collection of fluid or mucus from the bronchi / alveoli via an endoscope or endotracheal tube |
| Where is the endoscope or endotracheal tube for a bronchoalveolar lavage inserted? | Far down the trachea caudally as possible before infusing fluid and aspirating a sample |
| Bronchoscopy | Visual examination of the bronchus, used to examine the bronchi for disease or foreign objects |
| Laryngoscopy | Visual examination of the voice box, used to examine larynx for disease, tissue repair, or foreign objects |
| Percussion | Diagnostic procedure used to determine density in which sound is produced by tapping various body surfaces with finger or instrument |
| What is the difference between air and fluid present during a percussion procedure? | Produced over the chest where air is present differs from that of an area where fluid is present |
| Phlegm | Thick mucus secreted by the respiratory lining |
| Sputum | Mucus secretion from the lower respiratory tract, used for cytologic exams sometimes |
| Spirometer | Instrument used to measure air taken in and out of the lungs, measures lungs volume and capacity |
| Sputum Culture | Procedure in which mucus from the lower respiratory tract is collected and placed in predetermined media to allow microbes to reproduce |
| Thoracocentesis | Puncture of chest wall with needle to obtain fluid from pleural cavity, may be used for cytologic and microbiologic exams |
| What is a thoracocentesis procedure used to drain? | Pleural effusions or reexpand a collapsed lung |
| Tracheal Wash | Collection of fluid / mucus from trachea via endotracheal tube to assess respiratory disease |
| Transtracheal Wash (TTW) | Sterile collection of fluid / mucus from trachea via catheter insertion through skin into trachea to assess respiratory disease |
| Trephination | Insertion of hole-boring instrument into sinus to establish fluid drainage or to allow access to roots of teeth |
| Anoxia | Absence of oxygen |
| Asphyxiation | Interruption of breathing resulting in lack of oxygen, suffication |
| Aspiration | Inhalation of foreign substance into upper respiratory tract |
| Asthma | Chronic allergic disorder |
| Atelectasis | Incomplete expansion of the alveoli, collapse of lung |
| Bronchiectasis | Dilation of the bronchi, may be a sequela of inflammation or obstruction |
| Sequela | Condition following as a consequence of a disease |
| Bronchitis | Inflammation of the bronchi, may be acute or chronic |
| Bronchopneumonia | Abnormal condition of the bronchi and lung |
| Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) | Anormal conditions in equine species in which expiratory flow is slowed, also called heaves |
| Horses with heaves may have a heave line which is ..... | Increased abdominal musculature associated with increased expiratory effort in horses with COPD |
| Diaphragmatic Hernia | Abnormal opening in the diaphragm that allows part of the abdominal organs to migrate into chest cavity |
| Emphysema | Chronic lung disease caused by enlargement of the alveoli or changes in alveolar wall |
| Epistaxis | Nosebleed |
| Equine Laryngeal Hemiplegia Left Laryngeal Hemiplegia / Roaring | Disorder characterized by abnormal inspiratory noise during exercise, associated with degeneration of left recurrent laryngeal nerve and atrophy of laryngeal muscles |
| -plegia | Paralysis |
| Hemoptysis | Spitting of blood from lower respiratory tract |
| Hemothorax | Accumulation of blood in the chest cavity |
| Laryngoplegia | Paralysis of the voice box |
| Laryngospasm | Sudden fluttering or closure of voice box |
| Phonation | Act of producing sound |
| Aphonation | Inability to produce sound |
| Pleural Effusion | Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pleural space |
| Effusion | Fluid escaping from blood / lymphatic vessels into tissues or spaces |
| Pleurisy | Inflammation of the pleura, pleuritis |
| Pleuropneumonia | Anormal condition of the pleura and the lung |
| Interstitial Pneumonia | Abnormal lung condition with increased fluid between alveoli and a decreased lung function |
| Pneumothorax | Abnormal accumulation of air or gas in chest cavity |
| Polyp | Growth or mass protruding from a mucous membrane |
| Pulmonary Fibrosis | Abnormal formation of fibers in alveolar walls |
| Pyothorax | Accumulation of pus in chest cavity |
| Pus is a fluid product of inflammation composed of _______. | Leukocytes |
| Rhinopneumonitis | Inflammation of the nasal mucous membranes and lungs |
| Snuffles / Pasteurella Multocida | Common term for upper respiratory disease of rabbits caused by bacterium |
| Stenotic Nares | Narrowed nostrils that reduce airway flow |
| Tracheobronchitis | Inflammation of the trachea nd bronchi |
| What is affected by the upper respiratory infection? | Nose, Mouth, Pharynx, Epiglottis, or Larynx by pathogenic organisms (URI) |
| What are the signs of a URI? | Cough, nasal and ocular discharge, dyspnea, and respiratory noise |
| Paroxysmal | Spasm like and sudden |
| Tuss/i | Cough |
| Bronchoconstrictors | Substances that narrow openings into the lungs |
| Bronchodilators | Substances that expand the openings into the lungs |
| Mucolytics | Substances used to break down mucus |
| Antitussives | Substances used to control or prevent coughing |
| What is a chest tube? | Hollow device inserted into the thoracic cavity to remove fluid or gas |
| What is a reason why a chest tube is passed? | When the patient is severely dyspneic because of pressure on the lungs |
| Endotracheal Intubation | Passage of tube through the oral cavity, pharynx, and larynx into the windpipe. |
| What does an endotracheal tube provide? | A patent airway for administration of anesthetics or for critical care patients |
| Patent | Open, Unobstructed, or not closed |
| Pharyngostomy | Surgical creation of an opening into the throat |
| Stoma | Opening on a body surface that may occur naturally or surgically |
| Pleurectomy | Surgical removal of all or part of the pleura |
| Pneumonectomy | Surgical removal of lung tissue |
| Thoracotomy | Surgical incision into the chest wall |
| ABG | Arterial Blood Gas |
| PEEP | Positive End Expiratory Pressure |
| TTA and TTW | Transtracheal Aspiration Transtracheal Wash |
Created by:
VTodd639