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biology

unit 1

QuestionAnswer
Q: What does "cyto" mean? cell
Q: What are the main differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? Prokaryotic Cells: No nucleus or membrane-bound organelles. Eukaryotic Cells: Have a true nucleus containing DNA and many membrane-bound organelles.
Give two examples of prokaryotes and two examples of eukaryotes Prokaryotes: Bacteria, Archaea Eukaryotes: Plants, Animals (or fungi, protists)
Name two structures found in both plant and animal cells. Cell membrane, Mitochondria
What structures are found only in plant cells? A: Cell wall, Chloroplasts
What structures are found only in animal cells? Centrioles, Lysosomes
Q: Why do plant cells need both chloroplasts and mitochondria? A: Chloroplasts capture sunlight to make food (glucose), while mitochondria break down that glucose to release energy (ATP) for cell activities.
Q: What are the four main reasons for cell division? Growth Repair and replacement Reproduction Maintaining a small cell size for efficient diffusion
Q: Why cannot cells grow indefinitely larger? A: As cells grow larger, diffusion becomes too slow, limiting nutrient and waste exchange.
Q: What type of cell division do unicellular organisms use to reproduce? A: Asexual reproduction through binary fission.
Q: What is the result of cell division? A: Two genetically identical daughter cells are formed from one parent cell.
Q: What are the three main stages of the cell cycle? Interphase Mitosis Cytokinesis
Q: What happens during Interphase? A: The cell grows, performs normal functions, duplicates its DNA, and prepares for division.
Q: Describe the stages of Mitosis (PMAT). Prophase: Chromosomes form; nucleus breaks down. Metaphase: Chromosomes line up in the middle. Anaphase: Chromosomes are pulled apart to opposite sides. Telophase: New nuclei form; the cell starts to split.
Q: What occurs during Cytokinesis? A: The cytoplasm divides, forming two new identical daughter cells.
Q: What are stem cells? A: Undifferentiated (unspecialized) cells that can become any type of specialized cell.
Q: List the levels of stem cell potential. Totipotent: Can become any cell type; ethical concerns. Pluripotent: Almost any adult cell; ethical debate. Multipotent: Limited potential; ethically acceptable. Induced Pluripotent: Reprogrammed adult cells; risk of tumors.
Q: Why are stem cells considered important? A: They are used to study diseases, test drugs, regrow tissues, treat diseases, and produce lab-grown meat.
Q: How do stem cells specialize? A: Based on their location and signals in the body; for example, cambium stem cells in plants form xylem and phloem.
Q: What is the Cell Theory? All living things are made of cells. Cells are the basic units of life. All cells come from pre-existing cells.
Q: What is the function of the Cell Membrane? A: It controls what enters and leaves the cell, acting like a security gate.
Q: What is the role of the Cytoplasm? A: It is a jelly-like substance that holds organelles and allows chemical reactions to occur.
Q: Why is the Nucleus important? A: It is the control center of the cell and contains the DNA (genetic instructions).
Q: What function do Ribosomes serve in the cell? A: Ribosomes make proteins using RNA messages and can be found in the cytoplasm or on rough ER.
Q: What are the differences between Rough ER and Smooth ER? Rough ER: Has ribosomes; modifies and transports proteins. Smooth ER: No ribosomes; synthesizes lipids and detoxifies substances.
Q: What is the function of the Golgi Apparatus? A: It modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for transport within or out of the cell.
Q: Describe the role of Lysosomes. A: Lysosomes break down and recycle waste; they are responsible for digestion and "cell suicide" (only in animal cells).
Q: What is the Cytoskeleton? A: It gives the cell its shape and helps in the movement of organelles (like roads/tracks within the cell).
Q: What is the role of Centrioles? A: Centrioles help organize cell division and are found only in animal cells.
Q: Explain Vacuoles and their function. A: Vacuoles store water, nutrients, and waste; plant cells have a large central vacuole that maintains turgor pressure.
Q: What is the function of the Cell Wall? A: The cell wall is a rigid outer layer in plant cells made of cellulose that provides support and protection.
Q: What is the function of Chloroplasts? A: Chloroplasts capture light energy to produce sugar (food) through the process of photosynthesis (found only in plant cells).
Q: What is the significance of Interphase in the cell cycle? A: Interphase is the phase where the cell grows, performs normal functions, and prepares for cell division; it’s the longest phase of the cycle.
Q: What happens during the G1 phase of Interphase? A: The cell grows and carries out its normal metabolic functions.
Q: What takes place during the S phase of Interphase? A: DNA is replicated (synthesized) to prepare for cell division.
Q: What occurs during the G2 phase of Interphase? A: The cell prepares for division by duplicating organelles and making the necessary proteins for mitosis.
Q: What is the significance of the G0 phase? A: Some cells enter G0 to stay specialized and do not divide, such as mature nerve cells.
Q: Explain how cytokinesis differs in plant and animal cells. A: In animal cells, cytokinesis occurs by the cell membrane pinching in two; in plant cells, a cell plate forms between the two new cells.
Q: Why do stem cells have unlimited potential? A: Totipotent stem cells can develop into any cell type, including necessary support structures like the placenta.
Q: What are the challenges associated with using pluripotent stem cells? A: They involve ethical debates due to embryo destruction and risk of immune rejection.
Q: How can induced pluripotent stem cells be beneficial? A: They avoid ethical issues since they do not require embryos and can be derived from the patient's own cells, reducing immune rejection.
Created by: user-2000907
 

 



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