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VMT Chapter 7
| What is the main responsibility of the urinary system? | Removal of waste from the body |
| How does the urinary system remove waste from the body? | By constantly filtering blood |
| Urea | Major waste product of protein metabolism filtered by the kidney |
| What are some other functions of the urinary system? | Maintain proper balance of water, electrolytes, acids in body fluids and remove excess fluid from the body |
| Homeostasis | Continually adjusting to conditions to maintain a constant internal environment |
| home/o | Unchanging |
| Urin/o, Ur/o | Urine, pertaining to the urinary organs |
| Where are the kidneys located? | Retroperitoneally , located behind the lining of the abdominal cavity outside the peritoneal cavity |
| The kidneys sit on each side of the vertebral column below the diaphram | True |
| Ren/o, Nephr/o | Kidney |
| The blood flows through each kidney through the _____ ______ and leaves the kidney via _____ ______. | Renal Artery, Renal Vein |
| What can affect the rate of which filtration takes place? | Blood Pressure |
| Cortex | Outer layer of the kidney |
| Cortic/o | Outer region |
| Medulla | Inner layer of the kidney |
| Medull/o | Middle / inner portion |
| What does the cortex mainly contain? | Nephron |
| What does the medulla mainly contain? | Most of the collecting tubules |
| Nephron | Functional unit of the kidney consisting of the glomerulus , Bowman's capsule, Proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule, and collecting duct |
| The nephrons form ____ by which process? | Urine, Filtration, Absorption, and Secretions |
| Where does filtration occur? | Glomerulus |
| Where does reabsorption occur? | Proximal Convoluted Tubule |
| Where does secretion occur? | Distal ConvolutedTubule |
| Glomerulus | Cluster of capillaries surrounded by the Bowman's capsule |
| Glomerul/o | Wind into a ball |
| Renal Pelvis | Area of the kidney where the nephrons collect urine before entering the ureters |
| pyel/o | Renal Pelvis |
| Calyces | Irregular cuplike spaces that collect urine from the kidney |
| Hilus | Concave depression that serves as the point of attachment of the renal blood vessels, nerves, and ureter |
| Where is the hilus located? | Medial surface of the kidneys which gives them their bean shape |
| Do all species have bean-shaped kidneys? | No Cattle: Lobulated Kidneys with no renal pelvis Horses: Heart-Shaped |
| Convoluted | Rolled or coild |
| Ureters | Pair of narrow tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder |
| Ureter/o | Ureter |
| Trigone | Triangular portion at the base of that organ where the three angles are marked by the two ureteral openings and one urethral opening |
| how does the ureters enter the urinary bladder? | The trigone |
| Urinary Bladder | Singular hollow muscular organ that holds urine |
| Cyst/o | Urinary bladder |
| Is the urinary bladder elastic or not and why? | Elastic, shape and size depends on the amount of urine it is holding |
| The flow of urine into the urinary bladder enters from the ureters at such an angle that it serves as what? | A natural valve to control backflow |
| Sphincters | Ringlike muscles that close a passageway and controls the flow of urine out of the urinary bladder to the urethra. |
| Urethra | Tube extending from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body |
| Urethr/o | Urethra |
| Urethral Meatus | External opening of the urethra |
| Meat/o | Opening |
| What is the only function of the urethra in females? | Transport urine from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body |
| What is the function of the urethra in males? | Transports urine from the urinary bladder and reproductive fluids from the reproductive organs out of the body |
| Uropoiesis | Process of urine production |
| What is the color of normal urine? | Clear and pale yellow |
| -chrome | Color |
| Turbid | Normal urine that can be cloudy, brown, white, or another color |
| What does urine color depend on? | Diet, Reproductive Cycle, or Hydration Status |
| Herbivores have _____ urine with a _____ pH | Basic, Higher |
| What can dietary management help with urine status? | Urine pH can be manipulated to treat or prevent disease |
| Cystocentesis | Surgical puncture of the urinary bladder to collect urine |
| Cystography | Radiographic study of the urinary bladder after contrast material has been placed in the urinary bladder via a urethral catheter |
| What is the contrast material used in the urinary bladder during a cystography? | Water-soluble |
| Double Contrast Cystography | Radiographic study of the urinary bladder after air and contrast material has been placed in the urinary bladder via a urethral catheter |
| Cystogram | Radiographic film of the urinary bladder after contrast material has been placed in the urinary bladder via a urethral catheter |
| Retrograde | Going backward, used to describe the path that contrast material takes |
| Cystoscopy | Visual examination of the urinary bladder using a fiberoptic instrument |
| What is used to access the interior of the urinary bladder | Cystoscope |
| Intravenous Pyelogram | Radiographic study of the kidney and ureters in which a dye is injected into a vein to define structures more clearly, IVP |
| pneumocystography | Radiographic study of the urinary bladder after air has been placed in the bladder via a urethral catheter |
| Scout Film | Plain x-ray made without the use of contrast material |
| Retrograde Pyelogram | Radiographic study of the kidney and ureters in which contrast material is placed directly in the urinary bladder |
| Urinalysis | Examination of urine components, UA |
| What are the three parts of a urinalysis? | Macroscopic, Chemical, and Microscopic |
| Macroscopic analysis | Gross Exam, Visual observation of the urine in which things like color, transparency, odor, and foam are recorded |
| Chemical analysis | Applying urine to a reagent strip impregnated with chemicals that react with substances in the urine and change colors |
| What can a chemical analysis tell us about pH? | Leukocytes, erythrocytes, protein, glucose, specific gravity, and other factors |
| Microscopic analysis | Detects the presence of cellular material in urine that has been centrifuged and is viewed under the microscope |
| Urinary Catheterization | Insertion of a tube through the urethra into the urinary bladder |
| Catheter | Hollow tube inserted into a body cavity to inject or remove fluid |
| Urobillnogen | Evaluates liver disease or the breakdown of red blood cells, less useful in veterinary medicine |
| Glucose | Screens for diabetes mellitus, also used to monitor diabetics once treatment is started |
| Ketones | Presence is typically in an animal with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, results when metabolism is shifted from carbohydrates to lipids |
| Billirubin | Aged RBCs removed from the circulation in organs such as the spleen, formed in the breakdown process of hemoglobin |
| Where is bilirubin found? | Urine in liver disease or excessive blood cell breakdown |
| Azotemia | Presence of urea or other nitrogenous elements in the blood |
| Azot/o | Urea or Nitrogen |
| Calculus | Abnormal mineral deposit |
| Lith/o | Stone or Calculus |
| -lith | Stone or Calculus |
| Casts | Fibrous or protein materials found in the urine with renal disease or another abnormality |
| Crystals | Naturally produced angular solid of definitive form |
| Cystalgia | Urinary bladder pain, Cystodynia |
| Cystitis | Inflammation of the urinary bladder |
| Cystocele | Displacement of the urinary bladder through the vaginal wall |
| Epispadias | Abnormal condition in which the urethra opens on the dorsum of the penis |
| Feline Lower Urinary Tract Disease | Common disease of cats in which cystitis, urethritis, and crystalluria are found, FLUTD |
| What is Feline Lower Urinary Tract Disease also called? | Feline Urologic Syndrome, FUS |
| Glomerulonephritis | Inflammation of the kidney involving the glomeruli |
| Hydronephrosis | Dilation of the renal pelvis as a result of an obstruction to urine flow |
| Hydroureter | Distention of the ureter with urine caused by any blockage |
| Hypospadias | Abnormal condition in which the urethra opens on the ventral surface of the penis |
| Interstitial Cystitis | Inflammation within the wall of the urinary bladder |
| Nephrolithiasis | Presence of kidney stones |
| Urolithiasis | Presence of urinary bladder stones |
| Ureterolithiasis | Presence of stones in the ureter |
| Nephrectasis | Distention of the kidneys |
| -ectasis | Distention or stretching |
| Nephritis | Inflammation of the kidneys |
| Nephrolith | Kidney stone or renal calculus |
| Nephromalacia | Abnormal softening of the kidney |
| Nephropathy | Disease of the kidney |
| Nephrosclerosis | Abnormal hardening of the kidney |
| Nephrosis | Abnormal condition of the kidney |
| Prolapse | Downward displacement of a body organ |
| -ptosis | Drooping or dropping down |
| Nephroptosis | Prolapsed kidney |
| Pyelitis | Inflammation of the renal pelvis |
| Pyelonephritis | Inflammation of the renal pelvis and kidney |
| What may be the cause of ARF (Acute Renal Failure)? | Nephrotoxin, poison having destructive effects on the kidneys |
| What is the progressive onset of the inability of the kidneys to function? | Chronic Renal Failure (CRF) |
| What are the signs of renal failure? | Polyuria, polydipsia |
| Diuresis | Elevated excretion of urine, may be produced by fluid therapy or drug therapy |
| Renal Infarction | Obstruction of blood flow to the kidneys |
| Uremia | Waste products in the blood |
| Ureterectasis | Distention of the ureter |
| Ureterolith | Stones in the ureter |
| Urethritis | Inflammation of the ureter |
| Urethrolithiasis | Presence of urethral stones |
| Urethrostenosis | Stricture of the urethra |
| Stricture | Abnormal band of tissue narrowing a passage |
| Urinary Tract Infection | Invasion of microorganisms in the urinary system, results in local cellular injury, UTI |
| Urolith | Urinary bladder stones |
| Cystectomy | Surgical removal of all or part of the urinary bladder |
| Cystopexy | Surgical fixation of the urinary bladder to the abdominal wall |
| Cystoplasty | Surgical repair of the urinary bladder |
| Cystostomy | Surgical creation of a new opening between the skin and urinary bladder |
| Cystotomy | Surgical incision into the urinary bladder |
| Dialysis | Procedure to remove blood waste products when the kidneys are no longer functioning |
| Peritoneal Dialysis | Removal of blood waste products by fluid exchange through the peritoneal cavity |
| Hemodialysis | Removal of blood waste products by filtering blood through a machine, HD |
| Lithotripsy | Destruction of stone using ultrasonic waves traveling through water |
| -tripsy | Crush |
| Nephrectomy | Surgical removal of a kidney |
| Nephropexy | Surgical fixation of a kidney to the abdominal wall |
| Nephroplasty | Surgical repair of the kidney |
| Nephrostomy | Surgical creation of a new opening between the skin and kidney |
| Nephrotomy | Surgical incision into the kidney |
| Ureterectomy | Surgical removal of the ureter |
| Ureteroplasty | Surgical repair of the ureter |
| Ureterotomy | Surgical incision of the ureter |
| Urethroplasty | Surgical repair of the urethra |
| Urethrostomy | Surgical creation of a permanent opening between the urethra and the skin |
| Perineal Urethrostomy | Surgical creation of a permanent opening between the urethra and the skin between the anus and the scrotum |
| Urethrotomy | Surgical incision into the urethra |
| AKI | Acute Kidney Injury |
| BUN | Blood Urea Nitrogen |
| CRRT | Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy |
| GFR | Glomerular Filtration Rate |
| IHD | Intermittent Hemodialysis |
Created by:
VTodd639