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(6)
(6) Hydraulics - Open Channel
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Steady Flow | The flow depth, remain constant over time at any given location in the channel. |
| Unsteady Flow | The flow depth, changes over time at a given location. |
| Uniform Flow | A constant flow depth along the channel bed. |
| Normal Depth | The depth of uniform flow |
| Nonuniform Flow | A flow depth that varies along the channel bed |
| Laminar Flow | Occurs when the flow is smooth and regular, with parallel streamlines, typically when the Reynolds Number is less than 500. |
| Turbulent Flow | Characterized by chaotic and irregular streamlines, where eddies and vortices dominate. Occurs when the Reynolds Number is greater than 2000. |
| Hydraulic Radius | Provides a means to relate the shape of the flow cross section to flow resistance and velocity in a similar way across different geometries. |
| Wetted Perimeter | The length of the interface between the fluid and the pipe or channel. |
| Chezy Equation | Most common equation to calculate the flow velocity in open channels |
| Section Factors (Z-Factors) | Reduce complexity in solving flow calculations by relating channel geometry to flow behavior |
| Most Efficient Cross Section | One that maximizes discharge for a given cross-sectional area and bed slope. |
| Sharp-Crested Weir | A weir consisting of a vertical plate with a sharp edge that is used for measurements |
| Broad-Crested Weir | The crest thickness is more than a few feet thick. Are designed for larger systems. |
| Horizontal Weir | Has water flowing across the crest parallel to the horizontal plane. |
| Vertical Weir | There is a vertical drop after water passes the thin crest. |
| V-Notch Weir | Consists of a sharp-crested thin plate with a V-shaped opening. |
| Hydraulic Jump | Represent abrupt shifts from fast, shallow flow to slower, deeper flow, accompanied by significant energy dissipation. |
| Energy Grade Line (EGL) | Represents the total mechanical energy of the flow per unit weight, incorporating three head terms: pressure, velocity, and elevation head. |
| Hydraulic Grade Line (HGL) | Represents the sum of the pressure head and elevation head but does not include the velocity head. |
| Hydraulic Jump | When water originally flowing in a supercritical pattern suddenly turns into a subcritical flow pattern, the flow depth of the water changes. |
| Conjugate Depths (Sequent Depths) (y_1 or y_2) | Flow depths on either side of the hydraulic jump |
| Undular Jump | When the Froude number is at least 1 |
| Weak Jump | When the Froude number is at least 1.7 and less than 2.5 |
| Oscillating Jump | When the Froude number is at least 2.5 and less than 4.5 |
| Steady Jump | When the Froude number is at least 4.5 and less than 9.0 |
| Strong Jump | When the Froude number is 9.0 or greater. Has turbulent flow and high energy loss. |
| Spread | The horizontal distance from the curb to the edge of the water, extending toward the road crown. |
| Inlet Control - Culvert | If water can flow through and out of the culvert faster than it can enter |
| Outlet Control - Culvert | If water can flow into the culvert faster than it can flow through and out. |
| Inlet Control - Culvert | Occur when the culvert inlet limits the flow, or in other words when it is harder for the stream flow to get through the entrance of the culvert than it is to flow through the remainder of the culvert and out again into the steam. |
| Outlet Control - Culvert | Occurs when it is harder for the stream flow to negotiate the length of the culvert than it is to get through the entrance in the first place |
| Hydraulic Drop | Occurs when the flow transition from subcritical to supercritical, resulting in a sudden decrease in water depth |
| Critical Slope | As the slope of the channel at which the normal flow depth is equal to the critical flow depth |
| Specific Energy Curve | A plot of the specific energy head versus flow depth for a given flow rate in a given channel. |
| Alternative Depths | Flow depths that have the same specific energy head for a given flow rate and a given channel |
| Critical Flow | An unstable and turbulent condition where a slight change in energy can cause an abrupt rise or fall in flow depth. |
| Supercritical Flow | Is fast, rapid, and typically shallow |
| Subcritical Flow | Is slow, tranquil, and typically deep. |
| Critical Depth | The normal flow depth in a channel at critical flow. |
| Normal Depth | Requires the slope (of the energy grade line) to determine depth. |
| Critical Slope | Is the bed slope when normal depth is equal to critical depth. |
| Gradually Varied Flow Profile | Is a plot of water depth versus distance along the channel as the water depth gradually achieves normal depth. |
| Hydraulic Jump | A natural phenomenon that occurs when supercritical flow abruptly changes to subcritical flow |
| Conjugate Depths | Occur on either side of the hydraulic jump |
| Irregular Cross Section | The channel cross-section properties can be combined |
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