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1 - L hr M
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Learning | acquisition of knowledge/skills through experience |
| acquisition of knowledge/skills | revealed by changes in behavioural, physiological and neural responses |
| types of changes | behavioural, physiological and neural changes animals adapt to their environment |
| types of learning | non associative learning - learning to notice important events and ignore irrelavant ones associative learning - learning what stimuli predict important events and which behaviours lead to rewards or punishments. helps predict and seek beneficial csqnces |
| Distinguishing learning from other changes | not all changes are due to learning fatigue, motivation, illness or drugs |
| learning related changes | long lasting shaped by experience |
| changes not related to learning | often temporary |
| constraints and influence | learning is constrained by an organisms unconditioned behaviour (innate responses) |
| Biological preparedness | species specific predispositions affect what is learned easily animals learn to approach food more easily than avoid it |
| taste aversion learning | single negative experience can cause lasting food aversion |
| historical perspectives | Aristotles associationism Rene Descartes John Locke and British associationists |
| aristotles associationism | memory forms by associations based on contiguity, similarity and contrast |
| Rene descartes | Mind and Body are seperate introduced reflex concept |
| John locke and british associationists | complex ideas built from simpler ones, knowledge derives from experience (tabula rasa) |
| foundations of experimental psychology | Ivan Pavlov Thorndike's law of effect John Watson BF Skinner Edward tolma |
| Ivan Pavlov | Classical conditioning |
| Thorndike's law of effect | Behaviours followed by rewards increase, those followed by punishment decrease |
| John Watson | founder of behaviourism focus on observable behaviour belief in shaping any infant into any specialist |
| BF skinner | instrumental/operant conditioning reinforcement schedules skinner box for behaviour shaping |
| edward tolman | purpose behaviourism cognitive factors like motivation and internal states affect behaviour |
| cognitive approaches and neural models | Information processing model (George Miller) Symbol manipulation (Herbert Simon) Connectionism (Rumelhart and Mcclleland) |
| information processing model (george miller) | input -> internal processing -> output limits on working memory |
| Symbol manipulation (herbert simon) | use of symbols and rules in cognition |
| Connectionism (rumelhart and mcclelland) | learning as distributed across neural networks (parallel distributed processing) |
| Neuroscience foundations | Camilo Golgi Santiago raman y cajal Charles sherrington |
| Camilo Golgi | developed neuron staining technique |
| Santiago raman y cajal | proposed neuron doctrine, neurons are discrete cells |
| charles sherrington | synaptic theory neurons communicate via synapses |
| spinal cord and reflexes | Discovery of separate sensory and motor nerve fibers (Bell Magendele law) Spinal cord function independently (spinal reflexes) Central pattern generators: combine reflexes into complex movements |
| Brain injury and behaviour | Injuries to frontal lobes affect personality and executive function Famous case: Phineas Gage's personality change after orbitofrontal cortex damage |
| Animal learning paradigms | associative learning through skinner box experiments spatial learning tasks: morris water maze, t maze, radial maze complex problem solving: tool use and flexible learning through trial and error |
| learning under uncertainty | balancing exploration vs exploitation (multi armed bandit problem) |
| Experimental methods for studying brain | Human brain structure/connectivity CT scans (x rays with dye) MRI (magnetic fields with water molecule energy) |
| Animal models | tract tracing, lesions and inactivation studies to observe behaviour effects |
| Measuring brain functions Humans Brain damage studies (stroke, dementia, epilepsy) | Brain stimulation (electrodes, transcranial magnetic stimulation) EEG (electrical activity) MEG (magnetic fields from brain activity) PET scans (glucose metabolism) fMRI (oxygenated vs deoxygenated hemoglobin) |
| Animals | Electrophysiology Calcium Imaging Optogenetics Chemogenetics |
| Electrophysiology | Intracellular (voltage clamp), extracellular, field potentials |
| Calcium imaging | measures Ca2+ influx via fluorescent indicators |
| Optogenetics | light activated control of specific neurons |
| Chemogenetics | drug activated control of neurons (DREADDs) |
| Both optogenetics and chemogenetics | allow cell specific, temporarily precise control of neural circuits |
Created by:
brendonpizarro1