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BIO EXAM 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| A form of asexual reproduction in which an organism simply regenerates missing parts of its body is known as __________________. | fragmentation |
| A type of reproduction where a new individual (offspring) inherits all of its DNA from one parent is known as _______________ reproduction. | asexual |
| Mitotic cell division takes place in (prokaryotic or eukaryotic) cells. | eukaryotic “mitotic” means a nucleus is dividing, prokaryotes do not have a nucleus) |
| Cells which have two sets of chromosomes are described as being ______________. | diploid |
| The phases of the cell cycle are: The four stages of mitosis are: | cell cycle=G1-S-G2-M-C/ mitosis=prophase-metaphase-anaphase-telophase |
| ______________ refers to division of the cytoplasm. _______________ is division of the nucleus. | cytokinesis, mitosis |
| G1, S and G2 are collectively known as ______________________. | interphase |
| Twisting, shortening and thickening of the strands of chromatin is known as ___________ and begins during _________________. | condensation, prophase |
| What is cell division in a prokaryotic cell called? | binary fission |
| After DNA replication, the two new strands of DNA formed are called ______________ and are held together at a point on the chromosome called the ________________. | chromatids, centromere |
| What is a karyotype? | n image (or “map”) of chromosomes, with homologous pairs ordered together |
| the chromosomes align in the middle of the cell? | metaphase |
| the nucleoli and nuclear envelope disappear? | prophase |
| DNA (chromosomes) are copied by DNA replication? | interphase |
| a nuclear envelope reforms around daughter chromosomes? | telophase |
| chromatids separate and move to opposite poles? | anaphase |
| is the spindle formed? | prophase |
| Cytokinesis is recognized by a _________________________ in plant cells and a ____________________________ in animal cells. | cell plate, cleavage furrow |
| Human cells have _____ chromosomes, meaning there are ____ pairs of chromosomes. That means a somatic cell has how many? How many does sperm or egg have? | 46, 23 - somatic cell has 46- sperm or egg has 23 |
| ______________ is a type of cell division that reduces the chromosome number by half. The cells produced are called _________________. | meiosis, gametes |
| All the cells in the body of an organism that have the normal number of chromosomes and are not involved in reproduction are known as ____________cells. Are these cells haploid or diploid? | somatic, diploid |
| A genetic disorder is caused by a gene having incorrect instructions (coding) for the synthesis of a _____________________, which then will not function correctly. | protein |
| In meiotic divisions, the homologous chromosomes pair side-by-side to form a _________ which will have _____ chromatids. | tetrad, 4 |
| Which meiotic division (I or II) is most like mitosis? | ll |
| When one cell divides by meiosis, then it is capable of producing ______ (2, 4, 6, 8) daughter cells which are ______________ (haploid or diploid). | 4, haploid |
| ____________________ is when chromatids of homologous chromsomes twist around each other and exchange genetic information. | crossing over |
| How are mitosis and meiosis alike? How are mitosis and meiosis different? | |
| A region of a chromosome (DNA) that codes for the production of a protein is known as a __________. The protein produced influences a cell function which results in an observable trait, known as _____________. | gene, phenotype |
| All genes operate in pairs that influence a trait. Different forms of a gene for a particular trait are known as _______________. | alleles |
| The combination of genes an individual possesses is called its ________________. | genotype |
| An allele that is only observed when it is in the homozygous condition is known as a ________________ gene. An allele that shows up regardless of what other gene it is paired with is a ____________________ gene. | recessive, dominant |
| What is the difference between a genetic disorder and an aneuploidy? | genetic disorder is due to a defective gene, aneuploidy is an incorrect number of chromosomes |
| A cross between two individuals that are different with respect to two traits is called a _______________. | dihybrid cross |
| When a person’s alleles for a certain trait are identical (same), then he or she is said to be __________________ for that trait. | homozygous |
| In pea plants, the gene for a tall plant is dominant to a gene for a short plant. If you cross two heterozygous tall plants, would any of the seeds (offspring) grow into a short plant? If yes, what percentage of the seeds should produce short plants? | yes, 25% {1/4} |
| How are alleles alike? How can they be different? | like: alleles code for the same trait and are found at the same locus on a chromosome Different: can code for a different expression of a trait (ex: purple flower color vs. white) |
| In guinea pigs, the gene for short hair will be expressed in the animal even if it is paired with a gene for long hair. The gene for short hair is then the __________________ allele and the one for long hair is the ___________________ allele. | dominant, recessive, complete |
| If a gene has more than 2 possible forms, it is called _____________________________. | multiple alleles |
| What are sex-linked traits? | traits due to genes on the X chromosome |
| __________________ describes a pair of genes (alleles) for unlike characteristics. | heterozygous |
| An abnormality involving the presence of an extra chromosome or the absence of a chromosome is called a(n) ______________________ | aneuploidy |
| ________________________________ is when a trait is influenced by 2 or more sets of genes. | polygenic traits |
| Humans have _______ pairs of chromosomes: _______ pair of autosomes and ____ pair(s) of sex chromosomes. What is the difference in the sex chromosomes of a male and a female? | 23, 22, 1 - females will have 2 X chromosomes, males will have an X and a Y |
| The grid used to record offspring possibilities in a genetics problem is called a ____________. | punnet square |
| If you see a pea plant with purple flowers, then you know the (phenotype or genotype) of that plant, but not necessarily the (phenotype or genotype). What are the possible genotypes? | Phenotype (purple), genotype. PP or Pp |
| _____________ is the “father of Genetics”. | Mendel |
| The two individuals crossed in a genetics problem are known as the ____ generation. | P |
| The ______ generation is the offspring of the P generation. | F1 |
| Crossing two F1 individuals produces the ______ generation. | F2 |
| What are two genotypes for type B blood? _________ What is the genotype for type O blood? __________ When a person has the genotype IA IB what is the blood type? ________ | type B= IBIB, IBi type O= ii IAIB = blood type AB |
| In some plant species, if you cross a plant with red flowers and a plant with white flowers the seeds produced will grow into plants with peppermint colored flowers. This an example of ________________. | incomplete dominance, yes (1 out of 4 would be red), yes (1 out of 4), 50% would be peppermint (2 out of 4) |
| Klinefelter's syndrome is an aneuploidy in which a _______ (male, female) has an extra ____ chromosome. What about someone with Turner’s syndrome? | male – extra X chromosome (XXY). Turner’s = female with 1X ( XO instead of 2X chromosomes) |
| The failure of chromosomes to separate in meiosis is called ________________________, and it can cause an abnormal number of chromosomes-- a disorder known as _____________. | non-disjunction, aneuploidy |
| How do bases pair in DNA? How do bases pair in RNA? | NA: A—T and C—G /RNA: A – U and C – G |
| _________ functions in protein synthesis by bringing a specific amino acid to the ribosome. | RNA (transfer RNA) |
| A ______________ consists of DNA wound around histone proteins. Where in the cell is it found? | chromosome, nucleus |
| The three parts of a nucleotide are: 1)______________, 2)______________, 3)___________. | sugar, phosphate, base |
| The process by which the information in DNA is copied by RNA is known as ______________. | transcription |
| The process of _________________ is where the information in mRNA is used to build a polypeptide (protein). | translation |
| Fill in the missing parts of the flow of biological information in the diagram below: trans__________ trans___________ ________ -----------------> ________ -----------------> _______________ | transcription translation DNA -----------------> RNA -----------------> protein |
| A sequence of 3 nucleotides that codes for one amino acid is known as a ____________. | codon |
| In which part of a eukaryotic cell do the following take place? DNA replication:________________ transcription:___________________ translation: _________________ | DNA replication: nucleus (during interphase) transcription: nucleus translation: cytoplasm (at ribosome) |
| When in the cell cycle (cell division) does the process of DNA replication occur? | S of interphase |
| A region of a DNA molecule which codes for the synthesis of a protein is known as a _____________. | gene |
| Recombinant DNA technology uses a loop of DNA known as a __________ into which isolated genes from other organisms are inserted. | plasmid |
Created by:
Kohlten