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ap world
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| 'Alternate Attendance' Policy | The Tokugawa Shogunate required Daimyos to spend one year in Edo and the next year in their fiefdom while their families remained in Edo the whole time; designed to limit the power of the Daimyo |
| 'Closed-Country' Edict | The Tokugawa Shogunate forbade Japanese from traveling abroad and limited foreign trade in Japan to the Chinese and the Dutch, and only in the port of Nagasaki |
| 'Divine Faith' | An idea proposed by Akbar the Great of the Mughal Empire, who believed that all religions had a common source; representative of his policy of religious tolerance that was in place until the reign of Aurangzeb |
| 'Single-Whip' System | A policy put forth by the Ming in the 1570s, requiring a single national tax and that all taxes be paid in the form of silver; would have dramatic effects later on |
| 'Sword of Islam' | An image projected by the Ottomans that they were the military and political defenders of Sunni Islam (especially against Europe and the Safavids) |
| Absolute Monarchy | A system of government in which the head of state is a hereditary position and the king or queen has complete power |
| Anglican Church | A Protestant denomination created by King Henry VIII, largely so that he could marry and divorce as he pleased; the King of England (not the Pope) was the leader of the Church |
| Battle of Chaldiran | Battle between the Safavids and Ottomans in 1514; established Ottoman military supremecy within Dar al-Islam |
| Bureau of Colonial Affairs | The branch of the Qing state that controlled all conquered territories from Beijing; designed to enforce tribute without settlement |
| Cossacks | An ethnic group of peasants recruited to migrate to newly seized lands of the Russian Empire, particularly in Siberia; combined agriculture with military strength to fuel additional frontier settlements |
| Czar | (Sometimes spelled 'Tsar') Title taken by the ruler of the Russian Empire; from the Latin word 'Caesar', it was meant to convey the idea that Russia was the 'Third Rome' |
| Devshirme System | A form of tribute used by the Ottoman Empire in which Christian boys from conquered territories were taken at very young ages; the state would then convert them to Islam and educate and train them to be soldiers or bureaucrats who were loyal to the Sultan |
| Divine Right of Kings | The argument that kings receive their power to rule directly from God and therefore they are responsible only to God |
| English Civil War | A series of conflicts from 1640 to 1660 in which religious disputes mixed with constitutional questions about who had political power; between 'Roundheads' (Parliamentarians) and 'Cavaliers' (Royalists) |
| Glorious Revolution | A peaceful transition of power in 1688-1689, when James II abdicated his throne and was replaced by his daughter Mary and her husband, Prince William of Orange; established a system in which the power of the monarchy was limited by a constitituion |
| Hagia Sophia | Originally The Cathedral of Holy Wisdom in Constantinople, built by order of the Byzantine emperor Justinian; later converted to a mosque after the Ottomans defeated the Byzantines in 1453 |
| Heresy | The crime of having a theological opinion that was contrary to the official doctrine of the Roman Catholic Church. |
| Inquisition | A Roman Catholic tribunal for investigating and prosecuting charges of heresy - especially the one active in Spain during the 1400s |
| Janissaries | The elite fighting force of the Ottoman Empire; boys taken from the Devshirme system were trained in using firearms and were exceedingly loyal to the Sultan |
| Limited Monarchy | A form of government in which a constitution or legislative body limits the powers of the monarch |
| Manchus | Northeast Asian peoples who defeated the Ming Dynasty and founded the Qing Dynasty; while they attempted to maintain their cultural uniqueness, they ruled as traditional Chinese emperors |
| Mansabdari | A non-hereditary group of military officers in the Mughal Empire; required to both arm and train the soldiers under their command; paid a salary by the state |
| Millet System | A system used by the Ottomans whereby subjects of the state were allowed to follow the laws of their religious communities (esp. Christian and Jewish Law) |
| Mosque of Isfahan | Built by Shah Abbas I in the 17th C. to legitimize Safavid religious power; used blue tiles that would become characteristic of Safavid architecture |
| Palace of Versailles | Built by Louis XIV in the 17th C. to project the royal power of 'The Sun King' |
| Qizilbash | Originally a group of cavalry (warriors on horseback) who were organized by kinship; later became the Shah's personal army of elite soldiers and trained to use firearms |
| Reconquista | The retaking of the Iberian Peninsula by Spanish forces from the Muslim Moors, completed in 1492 |
| Russification | The process of forcing Russian language and culture on all ethnic groups within the Russian empire |
| Salaried Samurai | The Tokugawa Shogunate paid the Samurai directly; designed to shift loyalty away from the Daimyo and toward the state, but also led to many Samurai going deeply into debt |
| Shah | Persian word for 'King'; title taken by the Safavids to distinguish the ruler of a Shi'ite state (as opposed to the 'Sultan' of a Sunni state) |
| Sikhism | A syncretic monotheistic religion founded in northern India in the 16th century by Guru Nanak and combining elements of Hinduism and Islam |
| Spanish Armada | A great fleet that dominated the Atlantic Ocean until they were defeated by the English navy in 1588 |
| Taj Mahal | A beautiful mausoleum built in the 17th C. by the Mogul emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his favorite wife; mixed Hindu and Muslim architectural styles |
| Tax Farmers | Agents who purchase the rights to collect taxes in a particular district under the provision that they get to keep a percentage of the amount collected; system used by the Ottomans |
| Three Estates | The social hierarchy in France, made up of the Clergy (1% of pop.), the Nobility (2% of pop.), and everyone else (97% of pop.) |
| Tokaido Roads | A network that was originally designed to link to and increase the control of Edo in the Tokugawa Shogunate; had an unintended consequence of spurring domestic trade and economic growth |
| Topkapi Palace | Completed by Sultan Suleiman the Great in the 16th C., it became the seat of power in Istanbul for the Ottoman Empire |
| Twelvers | Shi'ite sect that believes there are 12 Imams, and that the final one, the Mahdi, will come back; the state religion of the Safavids |
| Yasak | Tribute in the form of pelts (unprocessed furs) that Russian rulers demanded from the native peoples of Siberia |
| Zamindari | Hereditary landowners who collected taxes from among the peasantry for the Mughal Empire; were allowed to keep 10% of the amount collected |
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