Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
(5.5)
(5.5) Hydraulics and Hydrology (Breadth)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Prismatic Channel | A channel in which the cross-sectional shape, size, and bottom slope are constant. |
| Steady Flow | Flow rate is constant with respect to time |
| Unsteady Flow | Occurs when discharge varies with time |
| Uniform Flow | Change in flow depth with respect to channel length is zero |
| Nonuniform Flow | Varied flow, occurs when flow depth changes along the length of the channel |
| Rapidly Varied Flow (RVF) | Short or abrupt transitions in depth |
| Gradually Varied Flow (GVF) | The change in flow depth happens over a long distance |
| Continuity | The flow rate at any two locations along a channel must be equal if flow is not added or removed. |
| Critical Depth | Normal flow depth in the channel at critical flow |
| Froude Number | Dimensionless number that is used to determine flow patterns |
| Manning's Equation | Used for solving steady and uniform flow problems |
| Chezy Formula | The first known uniform flow formula used to solve for mean flow velocity |
| Stormwater Inlets | Are entryways into storm-sewer systems for runoff collected in channels or concentrating at low points on a site. |
| Grate | An opening directly in the path of channel flow covered by a metal grate |
| Curb-Opening | A vertical opening in the curb covered by a top slab |
| Combination | Both a curb-opening and a grate placed in a side-by-side configuration |
| Slotted | A pipe cut along the longitudinal axis with perpendicular bars |
| Culverts | Are enclosed channels that run underneath embankments that allow water to pass from one side to the other. |
| Tailwater (TW) | The depth of water above the outlet invert (at the downstream end of the culvert) |
| Headwater (HW) | Max. depth of water at the culvert entrance |
| Inlet Control - Flow Capacity | Controlled by headwater depth, cross sectional area, and the type of inlet edge |
| Culvert Barrel | Always partially flow |
| Inlet Control - Flow | Passes through critical depth at the inlet and remains supercritical through the culvert |
| Hydrologic Cycle | Continuous process of evaporation, transport from the earth's surface to the atmosphere and return to the land and oceans. |
| Precipitation | Any type of water that forms in the earth's atmosphere and then drops onto the surface of the earth. |
| Rainfall (or storm) Hyetograph | A plot of rainfall depth or intensity versus time. |
| Rainfall Mass Curve | A cumulative rainfall hyetograph |
| Nonrecording Gauges | Provide only a measure of the cumulative amount at the end of a time period |
| Recording Gauges | Automatically records the amount of rainfall reaching the surface as a function of time throughout the duration of a storm. |
| Mean Areal Precipitation (MAP) | An equivalent uniform depth of rainfall over a given area, such as a watershed or a political subdivision |
| Theissen Polygon Method | A common method used to determine average precipitation over an area when there is more than one measurement |
| Isohyetal Method | The most accurate and the most time consuming of the three methods for computing mean areal precipitation. |
| Isohyet | A line on a map that connects points of equal rainfall for a given duration or a specific storm event. |
| Frequency | Used to describe the probability of a given precipitation or peak streamflow event occurring. |
| Recurrence Interval (F) | The average number of years between rainfall or streamflow events of a defined magnitude. |
| Stormwater (or direct) Runoff | Portion of precipitation that reaches the ground and flows over surfaces until it reaches its destination |
| Rational Method | Most widely accepted methodology in the US for calculating peak flow rates for stormwater conveyances. |
| NRCS Curve Number (CN) | Most commonly used method for converting rainfall quantities to runoff quantities |
| Hydrograph | A continuous plot of discharge versus time |
| Hydrograph-Discharge | Volume of water flowing past a location per unit time |
| Natural Hydrograph | Obtained directly from flow records of a gauged stream |
| Unit Hydrograph | Direct runoff hydrograph from a gauged watershed representing one unit (in or cm) of excess precipitation distributed uniformly over the watershed |
| Synthetic Hydrograph | Watershed parameters and storm characteristics used to simulate a natural hydrograph on an ungauged stream |
| Basin Lag Time | The time between the centroid of precipitation and the centroid of direct runoff. |
| Time of Concentration | The time from the end of direct runoff to the inflection point of the falling limb of the direct runoff hydrograph. |
| Sheet Flow | Shallow, slow moving flow over a parking lot |
| Channel Flow | Flow conveyed through a storm sewer |
| Shallow Concentrated Flow | Surface flow that does not resemble sheet flow or channel flow |
| Runoff Coefficient | Dimensionless ratio intended to indicate the amount of rainfall converted to runoff by a drainage area |
| Storm Intensity (I) | A function of geographic location, design frequency (or return period), and storm duration. |
| Intensity-Duration-Frequency (IDF) Curves | The relation among storm duration, storm intensity, and storm return period is represented by a family of curves |
| Drainage Area (A) | The rational equation is simply the total area that contributes surface runoff to the point of interest |
| Detention Pond | To temporally store and gradually release stormwater runoff using some type of flow control structure. |
| Retention Pond | Provide temporary non-discharge storage of stormwater runoff, meaning that the stored water can only be reduced by evaporation and infiltration |
| Stage-Storage Curve | Indicates the volume of storage available at incremental elevations within the basin |
| Absolute Viscosity | A measure of internal resistance |
| Kinematic Viscosity | A ratio of absolute viscosity to density |
| Hydrostatic Pressure | Pressure exerted by a fluid due to the force of gravity |
| Absolute Pressure | The total pressure of an object in a body of water or a container when the container is open to the atmosphere. |
| Total Stagnation Pressure | Sum of the static and dynamic pressures in a piping system |
| Static Pressure | Measured with gauges attached to the side of a pipe or tank wall |
| Dynamic Pressure | Represents the kinetic energy of water in motion and is a function of flow velocity and density |
| Constant Flow | The product of the area and velocity will be the same for any two cross sections within that channel. |
| Bernoulli Equation | Says that in a frictionless environment, energy is conserved |
| Velocity Head | A moving mass of water possesses more energy that a stationary one - the difference is kinetic energy |
| Pressure Head | A mass of water at a high pressure possesses more energy than one at a lower pressure - the difference is pressure energy |
| Elevation Head | Water at a high elevation possesses more energy than water at a lower elevation - the difference is potential energy |
| Friction Loss | The loss of pressure that occurs in a pipe because of the fluid's viscosity and the movement of molecules against the interior wall of the pipe. |
| Relative Roughness | Is the ratio of roughness height to the inside pipe diameter. |
| Darcy-Weisbach Equation | Used to calculate friction head for laminar and turbulent flow. |
| Hazen-Williams Equation | An empirical formula based on laboratory and field observations |
| System Curve | Developed by engineers to indicate the energy head needed to overcome static and friction energy losses in the hydraulic at different flow rates. |
| Pump Performance Curve | Indicates the TDH provided by the pump at different flow rates |
| Operating Point | Intersection of a pump curve and a system curve |
| Siphons | A liquid reservoir with an inverted U-shaped tube |
Created by:
user-1997879