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Gut Instincts
VMT Chapter 6
| What are some other terms to describe the Digestive system? | Alimentary System, Gastrointestinal System, and GI System |
| Digestive System | Long, muscular tube beginning at the mouth and ending at the anus |
| What is the digestive system responsible for? | Intake and digestion of food and water, absorption of nutrients, and elimination of solid waste products |
| Aliment/o | Nourishment |
| What are the major structures of the digestive system? | Oral cavity, Pharynx, Esophagus, Stomach, Small Intestines, and Large Intestines |
| What are the major organs associated with the digestive system? | Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas |
| What process of digestion begins in the mouth? | Mechanical and Chemical |
| What begins in the oral cavity? | Digestive system |
| Oral Cavity | Contains the lips, cheeks, hard & soft palates, salivary glands, tongue, teeth, and periodontium |
| or/o, stomat/o | Mouth |
| gnath/o | Jaw |
| Prognathia | Elongated mandible, sometimes called sow mouth |
| Bradygnathia | Shortened mandible, sometimes called parrot mouth |
| What forms the opening to the oral cavity? | Lips |
| labia | Lip |
| labium | single lip |
| Cheil/o, Labi/o | Lip |
| Bucc/o | Cheek |
| Hard palate | Forms the bony rostral portion of the palate covered with specialized mucous membranes |
| What are the specialized mucous membranes that contain irregular folds called? | Rugae |
| Where are Rugae found? | Mouth and Stomach |
| Rug/o | Wrinkle or Fold |
| Soft palate | Forms the flexible caudal portion of the palate that is involved in closing off the nasal passage during swallowing |
| palat/o | Palate |
| What does the dorsum of the tongue have, and the ventral surface of the tongue is what? | Papillae, Highly Vascular |
| What does the papillae appear like? | Threadlike, filiform, mushroomlike, fungiform, cup-shaped, or vallate |
| Where are taste buds located on the tongue? | In the fungiform and vallate papillae |
| Frenulum | Band of connective tissue that connects the tongue to the ventral surface of the oral cavity |
| gloss/o, lingu/o | Tongue |
| Where is the lingual surface of the cheek? | Side adjacent to the tongue |
| Dent/o, Dent/i, and Odont/o | Teeth |
| Dentition | Teeth as a whole |
| Primary dentition or deciduous dentition | Temporary set of teeth that erupt in young animals and are replaced near maturity |
| Decidu/o | Shedding |
| Permanent dentition | Set of teeth designed to last the lifetime of an animal |
| What happens when a deciduous tooth of a brachydontic animal is not shed at the appropriate time? | Both the deciduous and permanent teeth are situated beside each other. Called mixed dentition |
| Retained deciduous tooth | Tooth that has not been shed and may be extracted professionally |
| What are the four types of teeth? | Incisor, Canine, Premolar, and Molar |
| Incisor | Front tooth used for cutting |
| Canine | Long, pointed bonelike tooth located between the incisor and premolars, called fang and cuspid |
| Premolar | Cheek tooth found between the canine teeth and molars, called bicuspids |
| Molar | Most caudally located permanent cheek tooth used for grinding |
| Dental Formula | Represents the type of tooth and number of each tooth type found in that species |
| Needle Teeth | Deciduous canines and third incisors of pigs |
| Wolf Teeth | Rudimentary premolar 1 in horses |
| Milk Teeth | First set of teeth |
| Tusks | Permanent canine teeth of pigs |
| Carnassial Tooth | Large, shearing cheek tooth, upper P4 and Lower M1 in dogs, Upper P3 and lower M1 in cats |
| Fighting Teeth | Set of six teeth in llamas that include upper vestigial incisors and upper and lower canines on each side |
| Dog Dental Formula | 2 (I 3/3, C 1/1, P 4/4, M 2/3) Total: 42 |
| Cat Dental Formula | 2 (I 3/3, C 1/1, P 3/2, M1/1) Total: 30 |
| Bovine, Sheep, and Goat Dental Formula | 2 (I 0/4, C 0/0, P 3/3, M 3/3) or 2 (I 0/3, C 0/1, P 3/3, M 3/3) Total: 32 |
| Horse Dental Formula | 2 (I 3/3, C 1/1, P3-4/3, M 3/3) Total: 40 - 42 |
| Which sex of horses normally have canine teeth? | Males |
| What are the numbers in each quadrant for dogs teeth? | Q 1 & 2 = 101 - 110 / 201 - 210 Q 3 & 4 = 301 - 311 / 401 - 411 |
| What are the numbers in each quadrant for cats teeth? | Q 1 & 2 = 101 - 109 / 201 - 209 (Minus 105 & 205) Q 3 & 4 - 301 - 309 / 401 - 409 (Minus 305 - 306 / 405 - 406) |
| What is the numbering system that contains three-digit numbers for each tooth? | Triadan System |
| Which quadrant does the Triadan System start with? | Q 1 on the right side |
| Selenodont | Animals with teeth that have crescents on their grinding surfaces Ex: Ruminants |
| Lophodont | Animals with teeth that have ridged occlusal surfaces Ex: Equine |
| Bunodont | Animals with teeth that have worn, rounded surfaces Ex: Swine |
| Hypsodont | Animals with continuously erupting teeth Ex: Cheek teeth in ruminants |
| Pleurodont | Animals with teeth attached to one side on the inner jaw surface Ex: Lizards |
| Brachydont | Animals with permanently rooted teeth Ex: Carnivores |
| What is the anatomy of the tooth contain? | Enamel, Dentin, Gingival sulcus, Pulp Cavity, Gingival, Gingiva, Cementum, Periodontal Ligament, Alveolar Bone, Root Canal, and the Apical Foramen |
| Enamel | Hard white substance covering the dentin of the crown of the tooth |
| Cementum | Bonelike connective tissue that covers the root of the tooth |
| Dentin | Connective tissue surrounding the tooth pulp |
| What does the tooth pulp consist of? | Nerves, Blood Vessels, and Loose Connective Tissue |
| Apical Foramen | Hole at the tip of the root where nerves and blood vessels enter |
| Periodontia | Structures that support the teeth |
| Alveoli | Socket or saclike dilations where teeth are situated in |
| Alveolar bone | Surrounds the root of the teeth, thin layer of compact bone |
| Periodontal Ligament | Fibrous structure that holds the tooth in the alveolus, contains collagen fibers that are anchored to the cementum and alveolar bone |
| Gingiva (Gums) | Mucous membrane that surrounds the teeth and forms the mouth lining |
| Gingiv/o | Gums |
| Gingival Sulcus | Space that surrounds the tooth located between the tooth and gingival margin |
| Salivary Glands | Group of cells located in the oral cavity that secrete a clear substance containing digestive enzymes |
| Saliva | Aids in bolus formation, cleanses the mouth and some digestive enzyme activity, |
| What are the different glands in the mouth? | Parotid, Mandibular, Sublingual, and Zygomatic |
| Para- | Near |
| Ot/o | Ear |
| Sialaden/o, Sial/o | Salivary glands |
| Endodontics | Branch of dentistry that involves treatment of diseases that affect the tooth pulp |
| Exodontics | Branch of dentistry that involves extraction of teeth and related procedures |
| Orthodontics | Branch of dentistry that involves the guidance and correction of malocclusion |
| Periodontics | Branch of dentistry that studies and treats the diseases of tooth-supporting structures |
| Pharynx is also called the _____ and the combining form is _______. | Throat, pharyng/o |
| Mastication | Chewing |
| Ptyalism / Hypersialosis | Excessive production of saliva, Hypersalivation |
| Sial/o, ptyal/o | Saliva |
| Deglutition | Swallowing |
| phag/o | Eating or ingestion |
| Esophagus | Collapsible, muscular tube that leads from the oral cavity to the stomach |
| Is the esophagus dorsal or ventral to the trachea? | Dorsal |
| esophag/o | Esophagus |
| What is a sphincter? | Ringlike muscle that constricts an opening |
| Where the esophagus enter the stomach through? | A sphincter |
| The abdomen is located between the _____ and the ______. | Diaphragm and Pelivs |
| abdomin/o, celi/o | Abdomen |
| Lapar/o | Abdomen and Flank |
| Peritoneum | Membrane lining that covers the abdominal and pelvic cavities |
| What layer of the peritoneum lines the abdominal and pelvic cavities? | Parietal Peritoneum |
| What layer of the peritoneum line the abdominal organs? | Visceral Peritoneum |
| What is the Omentum called in latin? | Apron (Lacy Apron) |
| Monogastric | one true, or glandular stomach, produces secretions for digestion |
| What is the outpouchings of the ruminant stomach of? | Esophagus |
| Cardia | Entrance area located nearest the esophagus |
| Fundus | Base of an organ, cranial rounded part |
| Body | Main portion of an organ, also called the corpus |
| Antrum | Caudal part, constricted part of the stomach that joins the pylorus |
| Pylorus | Narrow passage between the stomach and the duodenum |
| pylor/o | Gatekeeper |
| Pyloric Sphincter | Muscle ring that controls the flow of material from the stomach to the duodenum of the small intestines |
| Rugae | Folds present in the mucosa of the stomach that contain glands that produce gastric juices that aid in digestion. |
| The ruminant stomach is adapted for fermentation of what? | ingested food by bacterial and protozoan microorganisms |
| Intestinal flora | normal microorganisms residing in the GI tract that produce enzymes that can digest plant cells through fermentation |
| Cud is consisted of? | Regurgitated Food Particles, Fiber, Rumen Fluid, and Rumen Microorganisms |
| What are the four stomachs of ruminants? | Rumen, Reticulum, Omasum, and Abomasum |
| Rumen | Largest compartment of the ruminant stomach that serves as a fermentation vat, also called the paunch, divided into ventral sac and dorsal sac |
| Reticulum | Most cranial compartment of the ruminant stomach |
| Why is the reticulum called a honeycomb? | Lined with mm that contain numerous intersecting ridges |
| Omasum | Third compartment of the ruminant stomach that has short, blunt papillae that grind food before it enters the abomasum |
| Abomasum | Fourth compartment of the ruminant stomach, called the true stomach, glandular portion that secretes digestive enzymes |
| In adult ruminants what compartment is the largest and occupies the left side of the animal? | Rumen |
| In young ruminants what is the largest compartment? | Abomasum |
| Reticular Groove | Groove that shuttles milk from the esophagus of young ruminants straight to the abomasum since the milk is fermented enough for calves. |
| Small Intestines extend from the ____ to the _____ part of the large intestines. | Pylorus, Proximal |
| Mesentery | Fold of the peritoneum where the small intestine is attached to the dorsal abdominal wall |
| What takes place in the small intestines? | Digestion and absorption of food for animals not needing extensive fermentation of their ingested food. |
| Enter/o | Small Intestines |
| Gastroenterology | Study of the stomach and small intestines |
| What are the 3 stages of the small intestines? | Duodenum, Jejunum, and the Ileum |
| Duodenum | Proximal / First portion of the small intestines, located nearest the mouth |
| Duoden/o, Duoden/i | Duodenum |
| Jejunum | Middle portion of the small intestines |
| Jejun/o | Jejunum |
| Ileum | Distal / Last portion of the small intestines, known as the most aboral portion, located furthest from the mouth |
| Ile/o | Ileum |
| What 4 parts does the large intestines consist of? | Cecum, Colon, Rectum, and Anus |
| What occurs in the large intestine of all animals but more consuming in herbivores? | Fermentation |
| In Rabbits and Horses what provides fermentation? | Cecum and Colon |
| Cec/o | Cecum |
| Food enters through the ____ and may be poorly developed. | Cecum |
| Ileocecal Junction | Area of the GI tract where the small intestine opens into the large intestine. (Ileum -> Cecum) |
| What are the three sections of the colon? | Ascending, Transverse, and Descending |
| Dog and Cat Colons | Ascending Colon |
| Pigs and Ruminant Colons | Spiral Colons |
| Horses | Large Colons |
| Col/o | Colon |
| Haustra | Sacculations that act as buckets and prolong retention of material so that the microbes have more time for digestion |
| Teniae | Longitudinal smooth muscle bands in the cecal wall |
| rect/o | Rectum |
| an/o | Anus |
| proct/o | Anus and Rectum |
| Accessory Organs | Aid the digestive tract and include salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and the pancreas |
| Liver | Located caudal to the diaphragm |
| hepat/o | Liver |
| What is the function of the liver? | Removes excess glucose from bloodstream, stores glycogen, reverts glycogen back to glucose and releases it, destroys old RBCs, Removes toxins from blood, Produces blood protein, Stores Iron and Vitamens A, B12, and D |
| Hepatocytes | Liver cells |
| Parenchyma | Functional elements of a tissue or organ |
| What is the digestive function of the liver? | Produces bile |
| Biliary | Pertaining to bile |
| Bile travels down the _____ duct to the ____ duct, which leads to the gallbladder. | Hepatic, Cystic |
| Emulsification | Fat Digestion |
| Bilirubin | Pigment produced from destruction of hemoglobin that is released by the liver in bile |
| Gallbladder | Sac embedded in the liver that stores bile for later use |
| Gallbladder contracts to force ____ out of the ____ duct into the ___ bile duct. | Bile, Cystic, Common |
| What two animals do not have gallbladders? | Horses and Rats |
| cyst/o | Cyst, Sac of fluid, urinary bladder |
| chol/e | Bile |
| Doch/o | Receptacle |
| Cholecystic | Pertaining to the gallbladder |
| Choledochus | Common Bile Duct |
| Pancreas | Elongated gland near the cranial portion of the duodenum |
| pancreat/o | Pancreas |
| The pancreas has two functions: Endocrine and Exocrine | True |
| Trypsin | Enzyme that digest proteins |
| Lipase | Enzyme that digests fats |
| Amylase | Enzyme that digests Carbohydrates |
| What is one enzyme that does not involve -ase at the end? | Pepsin, Digest Protein |
| Metabolsim | Process involved in the body's use of nutrients |
| Anabolism | Building of body cells and substances |
| Catabolism | Breaking down of body cells and substances |
| Absorption | Process of taking digested nutrients into the circulatory system |
| Where does Absorption occur? | Small Intestines |
| What are the tiny hairlike projections in the small intestines? | Villi |
| Vill/i | Tuft of hair |
| Crypts | Blind sacs, Valley of the intestinal mm lining the small intestine |
| Prehension | Grasping of food, involves collecting food in oral cavity, known as Ingesta |
| Deglutition | Moves chewed ingesta into the pharynx and into the esophagus |
| Peristalsis | Series of wavelike contractions of smooth muscles |
| What acid and enzyme does the true glandular stomach contain? | Hydrochloric Acid Protease Pepsin and Lipase enzymes |
| The muscular action of the stomach mixes what to convert food to chyme? | Ingesta with the gastric juices |
| Chyme | Semifluid mass of partly digested food that passes from the stomach |
| ____ moves into the stomach, _____ moves into the duodenum from the stomach. | Ingesta, Chyme |
| How does food move through the small intestines? | Peristaltic action and segmentation |
| Segmentation | mixes and thus delays movement of ingesta |
| ____ is completed in the duodenum after ____ has mixed with ____ and _____ secretions. | Digestion, Chyme, Bile, Pancreatic |
| Assimilation | Absorption |
| Digested food is absorbed in the what? | Small Intestines |
| What receives the waste products of digestion and in some species is responsible for fermentation? | Large Intestines |
| Excess water is absorbed from ____, and _____ is formed. | Waste, Solid Feces |
| Ballottement | Diagnostic technique of hitting or tapping the wall of a fluid-filled structure to bounce a solid structure against a wall |
| What diagnostic test is used for pregnancy diagnosis and determination of abdominal contents? | Ballottement |
| Barium | Contrast material used for radiographic studies |
| To elevate the gastrointestinal tract, what is given, where is it given, and what is the resulting test called? | Barium Sulfate Orally or Rectally Resulting Test: Barium Swallowing / Barium Enema |
| Enema | Introduction of fluid into the rectum |
| Biopsy | Removal of tissues to examine, can be incisional (part of tissue) or excisional (all of tissue) |
| Blood Tests | Determination of blood parameters used to detect some diseases of the GI tract. |
| What are two blood test examples? | Bile acids used to assess liver disease Elevated amylase levels may indicate pancreatitis |
| Preprandial | Before a meal |
| Postprandial | After a meal |
| -prandial | Meal |
| Colonoscopy | Endoscopic visual exam of the inner surface of the colon, scope is passed from the rectum through the colon |
| Endoscope | Tubelike instrument with lights and refracting mirrors that is used to examine the body or organs internally. |
| Esophagoscopy | Endoscopic visual examination of the esophagus, scope is passed from the oral cavity through the esophagus |
| Fecal Examinations | Procedures used to detect parasitic diseases |
| Specialized fecal test can identify what? | Bacteria, Isolate viruses, or demonstrate abnormal substances present in the stool |
| Gastroscopy | Endoscopic visual examination of the inner surface of the stomach, scope is passed from oral cavity through the stomach. |
| Hemoccult | Test for hidden blood in the stool |
| Occult | Hidden |
| Radiograph | Imaging of internal structures created by the exposure of sensitized film to x-rays |
| What do radiographs of the GI system demonstrate? | Foreign bodies, Torsions, Organ distention / enlargement, and some Masses |
| Ultrasound | Imaging of internal body structures by recording echoes of sound waves |
| Achalasia | Inability to relax the smooth muscle of the GI tract |
| Adontia | Absence of teeth |
| Aerophagia | Swallowing of air |
| Anal Sacculitis | Inflammation of the pouches located around the anus |
| Inspissation | Process of rendering dry or thick by evaporation, used to describe anal sac fluid in animals with anal sacculitis |
| Anorexia | Lack or loss of appetite, |
| Ascariasis | Parasitic infestation with roundworms of the genus Ascaris |
| Ascites | Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdomen |
| Atresia | Occlusion or absence of normal body opening or tubular organ |
| Bloat | Accumulation of gas in the digestive tract |
| Monogastric bloat | Accumulation of gas in the stomach |
| Ruminant bloat | Accumulation of gas in the rumen, abomasum, or cecum |
| Ruminal Tympany | Accumulation of gas in the rumen |
| Borborygmus | Gas movement in the GI tract that produces a rumbling noise |
| Bruxism | Involuntary grinding of the teeth |
| Cachexia | General ill health and malnutrition, describes condition of cancer patients |
| Cholecystitis | Inflammation of the gallbladder |
| Cirrhosis | Degenerative disease that disturbs the structure and function of the liver |
| Cirrh/o | Tawny, Orange Yellow, color of cirrhotic livers |
| Colic | Severe abdominal pain, common in horse |
| What are several factor causes of colic? | Ingesting large amounts of grain, pasture, fresh grass, or sand Excessive Gas Internal parasites Dehydration Sudden dietary changes Constipation Impaction |
| What are signs of colic? | Flanking or looking at the abdomen Bloated or distended abdomen Frequent lying down, standing, rolling, kicking, or biting at abdomen Sweating Restlessness Constipation / no bowel movements Anorexia |
| Colitis | Inflammation of the colon |
| Coprophagia | Ingestion of fecal material |
| copr/o | Feces |
| Coprophagic Therapy | Feeding a suspension of fecal pellets from healthy animal species such as guinea pigs and rabbits to treat GI disease |
| Cribbing | Vice of equine in which an object is grasped between the teeth, pressure is applied and air is inhaled |
| Dental Calculus | Abnormal mineralized deposit that forms on teeth, |
| Calcus is _____deposit and is also called ______ | Mineral, Tartar |
| Dental Caries | Decay and decalcification of teeth, producing hole in tooth |
| Displaced Abomasum | Disease of ruminants in which the fourth stomach compartment becomes trapped under the rumen (DA) |
| What is LDA and RDA and which is more common | Left Displaced Abomasum, Right Displaces, Abomasum Left is more common |
| Diverticulitis | Inflammation of a pouch or pouches occurring in the wall of a tubular organ, also called Diverticulum (w/out inflammation) |
| Dyschezia | Difficulty defecating |
| Dysentery | Number of disorders marked by inflammation of the intestine, abdominal pain, and diarrhea |
| Emaciation | Marked wasting or excessive leanness |
| Emesis | Forcible expulsion of stomach contents through the mouth, also called vomiting |
| Vomitus | Material vomiting, recommended not to give anything orally, PO, NPO |
| Enteritis | inflammation of the small intestine |
| Enterocolitis | Inflammation of the small intestine and large intestine |
| Epulis | Benign tumor arising from periodontal mucous membranes |
| Eructation | Belching or raising gas orally from the stomach |
| Esophageal Reflux | Return of stomach contents into the esophagus, called Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease or GERD |
| Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency | Metabolic disease in which the pancreas does not secrete adequate amounts of digestive enzymes, EPI |
| What is Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency associated with? | Weight loss, Fatty Stools, and Borborygmus |
| Feclith | Stonelike fecal mass, also known as Coprolith |
| -lithiasis | Presence of stones |
| Flatulence | Excessive gas formation in the GI tract |
| Gastric Dilatation | Condition usually seen in deep chested canines in which the stomach fills with air and expands |
| Dilatation | Stretching beyond normal |
| Gastric Dilatation Volvulus | Condition usually seen in deep chested canines in which the stomach fill with air, expands, and twists on itself, GDV |
| Gingival Hyperplasia | Overgrowth of the gingiva characterized by firm, nonpainful swellings associated with the gingiva |
| Gingivitis | Inflammation of the gums |
| Glossitis | Inflammation of the tongue |
| Hematemesis | Vomiting blood |
| Hematochezia | Passage of bloody stool |
| Hemoperitoneum | Blood in the peritoneum |
| Hepatitis | Inflammation of the liver |
| Hepatoma | Tumor of the liver |
| Hepatomegaly | Abnormal enlargement of the liver |
| Hiatal Hernia | Protrusion of part of the stomach through the esophageal opening in the diaphragm |
| Hydrops | Abnormal accumulation of fluid in tissues or a body cavity, Dropsy |
| Hyperglycemia | Elevated Blood sugar / Blood glucose |
| Hypoglycemia | Depressed Blood sugar / Blood glucose |
| Ileitis | Inflammation of the ileum |
| Ileus | Stoppage of intestinal peristalsis |
| Inappetence | Lack of desire to eat |
| Incontinence | Inability to control |
| Inflammatory bowel disease | Group of chronic GI disorders that are characterized microscopically by the infiltration of inflammatory cells into the lining of the digestive tract, IBD |
| Inguinal Hernia | Protrusion of bowel through the inguinal canal, protrusion is seen in the groin |
| Intussusception | Telescoping of one part of the intestine into an adjacent part |
| Malabsorption | Impaired uptake of nutrients from the intestine |
| Total Parenteral Nutrition | TPN, Nutritional requirements are met through a nutritional liquid administered intravenously |
| Parenteral | Not in the digestive tract |
| Malocclusion | Abnormal contact between the teeth |
| Melena | Black, tarry stools containing digested blood, suggests a bleeding problem in the upper GI tract |
| Oronasal Fistula | Abnormal opening between the nasal cavity and the oral cavity, may be congenital, traumatic, or associated with dental disease |
| Palatoschisis | Congenital fissure of the roof of the mouth that may involve the upper lip, hard palate, and soft palate, called Cleft Palate |
| Perforating Ulcer | Erosion through the entire thickness of a surface |
| Periapical Abscess | Inflammation of tissues and collection of pus surrounding the apical portion of a tooth root due to pulpal disease |
| Periodontitis | Inflammation of the tissue surrounding and supporting the teeth |
| Pica | Eating and licking abnormal substances or a depraved appetite |
| What is plaque a mix of? | Bacteria, Leukocytes, and Salivary Products that adhere to the tooth enamel |
| Polydispia | Excessive thirst or drinking, PD |
| Dips/o | Thirst |
| Polyp | Small growth on a mucous membrane |
| Prolapse | Protrusion of viscera |
| Quidding | Condition in which food is taken into the mouth and chewed but falls from the mouth |
| Salivary Mucocele | Collection of saliva that has leaked from a damaged salivary gland or duct, surrounded by granulation tissue |
| Scours | Diarrhea in livestock |
| Shunt | To bypass or divert |
| Portosystemic Shunt | Blood vessels bypass the liver and the blood is not detoxified properly |
| Stenosis | Narrowing of an opening |
| Tenesmus | Painful, ineffective defecation |
| Torsion | Axial twist, twist around the long axis of gut |
| Trichobezoar | Hairball |
| Ulcer | Erosion of tissue |
| Volvulus | Twisting on itself |
| Abdominocentesis | Surgical puncture to remove fluid from the abdomen |
| Abomasopexy | Surgical fixation of the abomasum to the abdominal wall |
| Anastomosis | Surgical connection between two tubular or hollow structures |
| Anoplasty | Surgical repair of the anus |
| Bolus | Rounded mass of food or large pharmaceutical preparation or to give something rapidly |
| Cholecystectomy | Surgical removal of the gallbladder |
| Colectomy | Surgical removal of the colon |
| Colostomy | Surgical production of an artificial opening between the colon and the body surface |
| Enterostomy | Surgical production of an artificial opening between the small intestine and the abdominal wall |
| Fistula | Abnormal passage from internal organ to the body surface, between two internal organs |
| Rumenostomy | Ruminant that has an artificial opening created between the rumen and the body surface, rumen fistula |
| Perianal fistula | Abnormal passage around the caudal opening of the GI tract |
| Float | Instrument used to file or rasp an equines premolar or molar teeth |
| Gastroduodenostomy | Removal of a part of the stomach and duodenum |
| Stoma | Opening created during a gastrostomy |
| Effluent | Discharge and an effluent flow from the stoma created by a -stomy surgery |
| Gavage | Forced feeding or irrigation through a tube passed into the stomach |
| Ileostomy | Surgical production of an artificial opening between the ileum and abdominal wall |
| Laparotomy | Surgical incision into the abdomen |
| Palatoplasty | Surgical repair of a cleft palate |
| Transfaunation | Transferring microbes from one animal to another to reinoculated the ill animal with a healthy microbial population |
| Trocarization | Insertion of a pointed instrument into a body cavity or an organ |
| Where is the trocar usually inside of and what happens when it penetrates the membrane | A cannula Can be withdrawn and the cannula remains in place |
| When is trocarization usually performed? | Treatment of ruminal bloat |
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