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(5)Hydraulics
(5)Hydraulics - Closed Conduit (Depth)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Continuity Equation | Conservation of mass principle to determine fluid characteristics within a closed system under steady, one-dimensional flow of an incompressible fluid. |
| Capacity | A synonym for volumetric flow rate in pressurized, closed conduit systems |
| Head Loss | A combination of major losses due to fluid viscosity, friction, and turbulence, and minor losses due to pipe bends, fittings, and valves. |
| Major Losses | Head losses due to fluid viscosity, friction, and turbulence |
| Minor Losses | Head losses due to pipe bends, fittings, and valves. |
| Energy Grade Line (EGL) | A graph of the total specific energy plotted as a position along a pipeline. |
| Rule for Grade Lines for a Pressurized, Closed Conduit System | The EGL is always horizontal |
| Rule for Grade Lines for a Pressurized, Closed Conduit System | The HGL is always equal to or less than the EGL |
| Rule for Grade Lines for a Pressurized, Closed Conduit System | When the flow area decreases, the HGL decreases |
| Rule for Grade Lines for a Pressurized, Closed Conduit System | When the flow area increases, the HGL increases |
| Rule for Grade Lines for a Pressurized, Closed Conduit System | If flow velocity is constant, the HGL will be horizontal and parallel to the EGL, regardless of pipe orientation or elevation |
| Rule for Grade Lines for a Pressurized, Closed Conduit System | For still fluid at a free surface, EGL = HGL (i.e. the EGL in a reservoir coincides with the fluid surface) |
| Hydraulic Grade Line (HGL) | The sum of the elevation head and pressure head plotted as a position along the pipeline. |
| Rule for Grade Lines for a Pressurized, Closed Conduit System | In a free jet (i.e., a stream of water from a hose), the HGL coincides with the jet elevation, following a parabolic path. |
| Linear Momentum | Of an object is a vector quantity defined as the product of the object's mass and velocity. |
| Impulse-Momentum Principle | States that the impulse implied to an object is equal to the change in momentum. |
| Bedload | The portion of sediment load that is transported by fluid momentum along the bottom of a channel |
| Pressure Conduit (Closed Conduit) | A pipe that conveys liquids under greater than atmospheric pressure. |
| Waterfall Flow | Partial Flow Conditions |
| Air Lock | No flow |
| Reynolds Number (Re) | A dimensionless number represented as the ratio of inertial forces to viscous forces in the fluid. |
| Laminar Flow | Occurs when the fluid particles in a pipeline move in paths parallel to the overfall flow direction. |
| Turbulent Flow | Occurs when there is three-dimensional movement of the fluid particles superimposed on the overfall flow direction. |
| Fully Turbulent Flow | Very high Reynolds number |
| Transitional Flow | Occurs when the Reynolds number is between 2100 and 4000 for closed, pressurized pipe. |
| Transitional Flow | When flow is critical zone or transition region. |
| Static Suction Head | The height from the baseline to the liquid surface of the supply tank |
| Static Discharge Head | The height to the surface of the discharge tank |
| Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH) | Analyzes requirements at the suction side of the pump |
| Total Dynamic Pumping Head (TDH) | Analyzes requirements at the discharge side. |
| Cavitation | A spontaneous vaporization of the fluid inside the pump, resulting in a degradation of pump performance. Can be avoided by the available suction head in the hydraulic system must be equal to greater than the min. fluid energy required at the pump inlet. |
| Water Hammer | Hydraulic system phenomenon that typically occurs when a valve is rapidly closed at the end of a pipeline |
| Total Dynamic Head | Calculated at the discharge side of the pump and must meet the downstream conditions of flow and pressure required by the system design. |
| Hydraulic Horsepower | Net power actually transferred to the fluid by the pump |
| Vertical Turbine Pump | Where the electric motor sits on top of a water production well casing and is connected by a long shaft down to the impellers at the bottom of the well. |
| Hydraulic Horsepower | The net power actually transferred to the fluid by the pump. |
| Close-Couple Pump | Impeller mounted directly on the electric motor shaft and both are encased in a single pump. |
| Total Efficiency | Is the product of the motor efficiency and the pump efficiency |
| Brake Horsepower | Ratio of output power delivered to the wet end of the pump. |
| Combined Operating Point | The point at which the pump curve and the system curve intersect |
| Variable Frequency Drive (VFD) | Varies the frequency and voltage of the alternating current (AC) power supply to the electric motor attached to the wet end of the pump. |
| Thrust Forces | Unbalanced forces occur primarily where the flow direction or pipe size changes. |
| Momentum | Is the mass of an object multiplied by its velocity |
| Force Mains | Pipelines that convey wastewater under pressure |
| Wet Well | A holding sump for gravity-flow sewer systems. |
| Siphon | An inverted U-tube used to drain water from a reservoir. |
| Low-Lift Pumps | Are used to lift and move surface water to a nearby treatment plant. |
| System Curve | A plot of the TDH required (y-axis) to produce a given flow rate, (Q, x-axis), in a piping system |
| Pump Performance Curve | Plots the flow rate (Q, x-axis), that can be delivered by the pump at various system head (H) requirements (y-axis). |
| Shutoff Head | When the TDH is at zero flow |
| Series | One pump is discharging into the suction line of the next pump. |
| Parallel | Pumps are operating on separate lines |
| Centrifugal Pumps | Convert motor energy to kinetic energy by accelerating water to outer edge of a revolving impeller. |
| Affinity Laws (Similarity Laws) | Relationships between pump head, rotational speed, flow rate, impeller diameter, and power. |
| Purchased Power | The power that is drawn by the motor |
| Pump Power (Brake Power) | Power that is in turn delivered by the motor to the pump via the pump shaft |
| Water Power (Hydraulic Power) | The energy transferred to the fluid by the power |
| Cavitation | When low pressure in the suction line causes water to turn to vapor, the vapor bubbles pass from the suction side of the impeller to the discharge side and implode under increasing pressure. |
| Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH) | The absolute pressure head at the pump inlet. |
| Cavitation Factor | The ratio of head or pressure available at the pump inlet to the head or pressure added by the pump. |
Created by:
user-1997879