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AP Bio Mod 15,16 ,19
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Chemical equation of photosynthesis | CO2+H2O+Sunlight-> O2+ Glucose |
| NADPH | -the electron carrier for photosynthesis - NADPH= reduced form NADP+= oxidized form |
| How to tell if a molecule has been reduced or oxidized based on their chemical equation? | -If a chemical is oxidized (loses electrons) then it also loses H+ (protons) -If a chemical is reduced (gains electrons) then it also gains H+ (protons) |
| Where does the energy to reduce CO2 and oxidize water come from? | -sunlight - sunlight oxidizes water and the electrons from water go to CO2 to reduce it into glucose and oxidize water into O2 |
| 2 main stages of photosynthesis | Light reaction (light-dependent reactions) and Calvin cycle (light-independent reactions) |
| Light reactions (light dependent reactions) | -a photosynthesis reaction where sunlight is converted into chemical energy which is stored in ATP and NADPH |
| Calvin cycle (light independent reactions/dark reactions) | -the photosynthesis process of using the energy stored in ATP and NADPH from light reactions to turn CO2 into glucose -does not directly require sunlight |
| Photosynthetic electron chain | -a series of protein complexes in the chloroplast's thylakoid membrane that converts light energy into chemical energy by moving electrons |
| Explain the process of light reactions | - sunlight is first absorbed by chlorophyl which turns is used to oxidize water to make it release its electrons -these electrons then move down the photosynthetic electron chain to make NADPH and ATP |
| What molecule is the final acceptor of electrons in the photosynthetic electron chain? | NADP+ -after receiving the electrons, it turns into NADPH to restart the cycle |
| Is the photosynthetic electron chain the last step in photosynthesis? | No, it is not the last step; it is part of the light reactions, which is the first stage of photosynthesis, -the next step is the Calvin cycle |
| Where do light reactions occur? | in the thylakoid membrane |
| Where does the Calvin cycle occur? | in the stroma of the chloroplast |
| pigments | -molecules that absorb sunlight -Main Ex: Chlorophyll |
| Chlorophyll | the main pigment for photosynthesis which absorbs the sunlight needed to power photosynthesis |
| Inputs of light reactions | NADP+, H2O, sunlight and ADP |
| Outputs of light reactions | NADPH, O2, and ATP |
| Inputs of Calvin cycle | NADPH, ATP, and CO2 |
| Outputs of Calvin cycle | NADP+, glucose, and ADP |
| Does the Calvin cycle need sunlight? | No, the Calvin cycle does not directly need sunlight because it is the light-independent part of photosynthesis -however, since it cannot occur if the light dependent reactions did not occur |
| How does the folding of thylakoids help with light reactions | -the immense folding of the thylakoids increase its surface area, thus allowing for a high production of NADPH and ATP during light reactions |
| What is the byproduct of photosynthesis | O2 |
| What molecule is oxidized in photosynthesis? | water -turns into O2 |
| What molecule is reduced in photosynthesis? | CO2 -turns into glucose (C6H12O6) |
| What is the source from which plants obtain the molecules that make up most of their biomass? | CO2 from the air since it helps create glucose and other molecules that make up most of plants |
| The synthesis of carbohydrates (like glucose) take place in the... | storma of the chloroplasts during the Calvin cycle |
| Why are plants green? | because the chlorophyll in plants reflects green light, making the plant appear green |
| How do chlorophyll a and b differ | they absorb different wavelengths of light |
| Accessory pigments | pigments besides chlorophyll that chloroplasts have in order to absorb the wavelengths of light that chlorophyll can't absorb -they also protect plants form excessive sunlight |
| How do the electrons of chlorophyll outside of chloroplasts act when they receive sunlight | -the electrons absorb the light energy and release it as heat or as light before going back to their initial energy level |
| How do the electrons of chlorophyll inside of chloroplasts act when they receive sunlight | -they return to their initial energy levels before transferring energy to an adjacent chlorophyll molecule -this preserves the energy absorbed |
| Antenna chlorophyll | -the chain of chlorophyll molecules that transfer energy to adjacent chlorophyll molecules until reaching the reaction center |
| Reaction center | a pair of chlorophyll in each photosystem that accept and lose electrons during photosynthesis The reaction center convert light into chemical energy, and transfers an electron to the primary electron acceptor, starting the light reactions. |
| Photosystems | -the protein pigment complexes in the thylakoid membrane along the electron transport chain that absorb lighjt energy and use it do drive electron transport |
| Photosystem II (PSII) | Photosystem II absorbs light and uses the energy to split water and take its electrons. This releases oxygen and sends energized electrons into the electron transport chain. |
| Photosystem I (PSI) | Photosystem I absorbs light to re-energize electrons so they can be used to make NADPH, an energy-rich molecule for the Calvin cycle. |
| What causes the proton build up in the thylakoid space | -#1 the oxidization of water which releases H+ ions -#2 as electrons move through the photosynthetic electron transport chain, they cause protons to be pumped from the stroma into the thylakoid space |
| Rubisco | the enzyme that catalyze the carbon fixation step of Calvin cycle -adds CO2 to RuBP during carbon fixation -it can also use O2 resulting in the forming of oxygen spcies |
| Reactive Oxygen Species | highly reactive forms of oxygen that can damage cells if they build up -occurs when rubisco binds O2 instead of CO2 (photorespiration) |
| photorespiration | is a process where Rubisco uses O₂ instead of CO₂, produces no sugar and uses up ATP instead of making it |
| Stomata | holes within plant cells through which CO2, O2 and water move through |
| Mesophyll cells | leaf cells that store chloroplasts |
| Non-cyclic Electron Flow | -electrons linearly flow from water to NADP involves PSII and PSI - moves from Water → PSII → electron transport chain → PSI → NADP⁺ - makes ATP, NADPH and O2 |
| Cyclic Electron Flow | -Produces extra ATP when the Calvin cycle needs more than non-cyclic flow provides. -PSI → electron transport chain → PSI (electrons return to PSI) - Produces only ATP; doesn't make NADPH or O2 |
| Carotenoids | accessory pigments in plants that absorb light color waves that chlorophyll can not - They also protect the plant by reducing reactive oxygen species , preventing damage from excess light. |
| Carbon fixation | The first step of the Calvin cycle where CO₂ is attached to RuBP by Rubisco, forming an 6-carbon molecule that splits into two 3-carbon molecules (3-PGA). This converts inorganic carbon into an organic form usable for sugar synthesis. |
| Reduction Step: | 3-PGA molecules are phosphorylated by ATP and then reduced by electrons from NADPH to form G3P a 3-carbon sugar that can be used to make carbohydrates. -1 G3P is lost here -second step of Calvin Cycle |
| Five molecules of G3P are rearranged through a series of enzyme-catalyzed reactions, using 3 ATP, to reform three molecules of RuBP, allowing the Calvin cycle to continue fixing CO₂. |
Created by:
KenechukwuIE