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integumentary cva
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what is epithelium | outer layer of the body, derived from ecto and endoderm |
| what is connective tissue | tissue that supports, binds, connects, separates |
| what is fat | energy storage and homeothermy |
| important role of skin | 1) protects against external environment 2) osmoregulation (sweat) 3) protect from uv rays 4) vit d synthesis, for ca absorption 5) coloration, sensory, homeothermy |
| what is dermis derived from | mesenchymal cells |
| what is the dermis made of | primary connective tissue and nervous and vascular tissue |
| types of nervous and vascular tissue | meissner corpuscles for touch, pacinian corpuscles for pressurem free nerve endings into epidermis |
| what are cells of the dermis primarily | fibroblasts, intercellular material is largely collagen and elastin laid down in all directions |
| what are chromatophores | color bearing cells from neural crest cells |
| what do melanocytes do | -synthesize melanin, filled vescicles (melanisomes) release and keratinocytes pick them up, melanin concentrates in center or migrates to top, protect from uv |
| what are iridophores | reflective platelets of purine, silvery |
| xanthophores | yellow, pteridines |
| erythophores | carotenoids, reddish orange |
| slow color change is _________ | morphological |
| fast change is _______ | physiological or neural |
| why is coloration important | thermoregulation, courtship and species regulation, aposematic (warning colors), solar radiation/vit d synthesis, camouflage |
| fish skin is | adapted to aquatic life, very thin epidermal layer, few keratinized cells (teeth), unicellular glands/mucous (bacterial protection and osmoreg) |
| fish skin multicellular glands | poison/slime, uncommon, hagfish/scorpionfish |
| fish skin glandular cells | pheremones in response to attack |
| fish skin photopheres | light generating glands, bacterial colonies, used prey capture for communication |
| bony scale types | osteoblasts, osteocytes, dentine, enamel |
| osteoblasts | produce hypoxyapatite, binds to collagen |
| osteocytes | bone forming, acellular cells |
| dentine | cosmine, cosmoid scales |
| enamel | ameloblasts, formation of odontoblasts |
| formation of teeth and bony plates and scales all happen | similarly thru epithelial and mesenchymal interaction |
| spaces b/w scales allow for | vascularization and sensory systems |
| cosmoid scales | early bony dental armor of jawless fishes |
| placoid scales | dentine, vascular pulp, hard enamel cap |
| ganoid scales | lamellar bone overlayed with enamel |
| overlapping scales (imbricating) | mostly acellular bone over fibrous material (flexibility) |
| cycloid scale | growth rings (like tree) |
| ctenoid scales | comb like projections near skin surface, still kinda has that growth ring type look |
| tadpole larvae skin compared to fish | very similar: thin epidermis, synthesizes keratin not similar: have no unicellular glands, only multicellular mucous glands, typically no scales |
| how does keratin accumulate in amphibians | very thin layer, in stratum corneum, sometimes sloughed off, accumulates as nuptial pads |
| what do muclous glands in amphibians do | protect against abrasion, keep skin moist, salt regulation, antifungal secretions |
| amphibian mucous glands vs fish mucous glands | amphibian more complex and fish better suited for aid in swimming (thick vs thin mucous respectively) |
| granular glands in amphibians | secrete poison, like parotid |
| reminder about amount of melanin/pigment cells | all start w same potential, hormones and other genetic factors affect how much is expressed |
| stratum corneum in reptiles | thick, greater protection from abrasion, phospholipids + keratin inhibit h2o loss, layered dead cells organized into horny plates and cells |
| reptile features cont | thick complex epidermis, no mucous producing glands, scales NOT PLATES are shed periodically, basal lamina produces new skin cells |
| specialized skin in geckos is what and helps do what | small hairs on foot allow for surface adhesion |
| what are apical pits | allow for chem, temp, pressure sensation (determine direction of prey), pit viper example |
| other specialized skin- scent glands: purpose | courtship, mating, also there are femoral pores |
| what are feathers | derivatives of epidermis, adapted for flight, thermoreg, courtship |
| contour feathers vs flight feathers | symmetrical feathers, cover body assymetrical attached to flight surfaces |
| what is the uropygial gland in birds | towards tail, makes waxy surfaces, ostriches lack (lucky scratching his butt all the time) |
| what are sebacious glands and who are they found in | mammals, oily secretions, lubricate and waterproof fur and hair |
| types of sweat glands in mammals | eccrine-watery apocrine- smelly thick |
| mammal mammary glands | orgnic mcs, dvlp in diff places |
| hair | uncertain evolutionary origin, for homeothermy |
| structure of hair | medulla, cortex (contains pigment), cuticle outside |
| horns and antlers of mammals | horns: horny, keratin, not shed antlers: shed, like velvet, bone |
| spines and quills of mammals in | echidnas and porcupines |
| what are vibrissae | sensory hairs |
Created by:
kavyasurav