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Psychology #3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are chronic stressors | events that persist over an extended period of time like long term unemployment |
| What are Acute stressors | Brief events that sometimes continue to be experienced as overwhelming well after the event has ended like breaking a leg |
| What are traumatic events | Situations involving exposure to actual or threatened death or serious injury like exposure to military combat, or terrorist attacks |
| What is a byproduct of traumatic events | PTSD |
| What is PTSD | A chronic stress reaction including intrusive and painful memories, jumpiness and persistent negative emotional states among other symptoms |
| What did Holmes and Rahe hypothesize | Life events requiring significant change are stressful, whether they are desirable or undesirable. Used to assess amount of stress in people's lives. |
| Daily hassles | Minor irritations and annoyances that are part of everyday lives |
| What is a psychophysiological disorder | Chronic stress and its sustained physiological reactions can lead to wear and tear on the body |
| What are some examples of psychophysiological disorders | tension headaches, asthma, acne, hypertension |
| What is psychoneuroimmunology | Field that studies how psychological factors influence the immune system and immune functioning |
| What is negative affectivity | Tendency to experience distressed emotional states involving anger, contempt, disgust, etc. |
| What is problem focused coping | Individual attempts to manage or alter the problem that is causing them to experience stress |
| What is emotion focused coping | Efforts to change or reduce the negative emotions associated with stress |
| What is perceived control | Our beliefs about our personal capacity to exert influence over shape and outcomes |
| What is psychopathology | Study of pathological disorders, including their symptoms, etiology (causes), treatment |
| What is a psychological disorder | A condition characterized by abnormal thoughts, feelings, and behaviors |
| What are signs of psychological disorders | Behaviors, thoughts, and inner experiences that are atypical, dysfunctional, or dangerous. |
| What is harmful dysfunction | Occurs when an internal mechanism breaks down and cannot perform its normal function |
| What is a diagnosis | appropriately identifying and labeling a set of defined symptoms |
| What is the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders | A classification system used by mental health professionals that categorizes and describes each disorder |
| What are diagnostic features | Overview of disorder |
| What is diagnostic criteria | Symptoms required for diagnosis |
| What is prevalence | % of population that is thought to be affected |
| What is cormorbidity | The co-occurrence of two disorders |
| What was the supernatural perspective on disorders | Disorders were attributed to a force beyond our understanding. Treatments included torture, beatings, and exorcism |
| What is the biological perspective on disorders | View psych disorders as linked to biological phenomena like genetic factors, chemical imbalances, and brain abnormalities. Evidence supports that most disorders do have a genetic component |
| What is the psychosocial perspective on disorders | Emphasizes the importance of learning, stress, faulty and self-defeating thinking patters, and environmental factors. Views the cause of psychological disorders as a combination of biological and psychosocial factors |
| What is the diathesis stress model | Integrates biological and psychosocial factors to predict the likelihood of a disorder. |
| What is diathesis | Underlying predisposition for a disorder. It can be a biological or psychological vulnerability |
| What is fear | Instantaneous reaction to an imminent threat |
| What is anxiety | apprehension, avoidance, and cautiousness regarding a potential threat, danger, or other negative content. |
| What characterizes an anxiety disorder | Excessive and persistent fear and anxiety, and by related disturbances in behavior. |
| What is the prevalence of anxiety disorders | 25-30% of the US population. More common in women than men |
| What is the presence of a phobia disorder | 12.5% of the US population |
| What is agoraphobia | Characterized by intense fear, anxiety, and avoidance of situations in which it might be difficult to escape or receive help if one experiences a panic attack. |
| What is social anxiety disorder characterized by | extreme and persistent fear or anxiety and avoidance of social situations in which the person could potentially be evaluated negatively by others, leading to serious impairments in life |
| What are safety behaviors | mental or behavioral acts that reduce anxiety in social situations by reducing the chance of negative social outcomes |
| What is the prevalence of social anxiety disorder | 12% of US population |
| What disorder is comorbid with social anxiety | Alcohol use disorder |
| What are risk factors | Fears of social situations possibly develop through conditioning |
| What is behavioral inhibition | a consistent tendency to show fear and restraint when presented with unfamiliar people or situations |
| What is OCD characterized by | Involves thoughts and urges that are intrusive and unwanted (obsessions) and/or the need to engage in repetitive behaviors or mental acts (compulsions) |
| What are some common obsessions in OCD | Germs, doubts, order, symmetry, aggressive and lustful urges |
| What is body dysmorphic disorder characterized by | Involves a preoccupation with a perceived flaw in the individual's physical appearance that is either nonexistent or barely noticeable to other people |
| What is the prevalence of body dysmorphic disorders | 2.4% of US population. Little higher rates in women than in men |
| What characterizes a hoarding disorder | Involves great difficulty in discarding possessions, regardless of how valueless/useless they are, usually resulting in an accumulation of items that clutter living or work areas. |
| What is the diagnosis criteria for PTSD | Individual was exposed to, witnessed, or experienced the details of a traumatic experience (“actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violence”) |
| What are some symptoms of PTSD | Distressing memories, flashbacks, avoidance of stimuli, negative emotional states and detachment from others |
| What is the prevalence of PTSD | 7% of US population |
| What characterizes mood disorders | massive disruptions in mood and emotions that can cause a distorted outlook on life, and impair ability to function |
| What is the diagnosis criteria for major depressive disorder | Depressed mood all day every day, loss of interest in doing things, etc. |
| What is the prevalence of Major Depressive Disorder | 6.6% of population each year/16.9% of population in their lifetime |
| What disorders are comorbid with major depressive disorder | Anxiety disorders and substance abuse disorders |
| What are subtypes of depression | Seasonal pattern, peripartum onset, and persistent depressive disorder |
| What characterizes bipolar disorder | Moods that fluctuate between depression and mania |
| What are symptoms of mania | Excessively talkative and irritable, flight of ideas, easily distracted, engage in reckless behaviors |
| What is the prevalence of bipolar disorder | 1/100 people in their lifetime, 36% attempt suicide |
| What is the diathesis stress model with major depressive disorder | Cognitive theories suggest that depression is triggered by negative thoughts, interpretations, self-evaluations, by negative thoughts, interpretations, self-evaluations, and expectations |
| What is the hopelessness theory | Specific negative thinking style → sense of hopelessness → depression |
| What is negative thinking | refers to a tendency to perceive negative life events as having stable (” It’s never going to change”) and global (“It’s going to affect my whole life”) causes. |
| What is hopelessness | expectation that unpleasant outcomes will occur or desired outcomes will not occur, and there is nothing one can do to prevent such outcomes (seen as the primary cause of depression). |
| What does etiology mean | Causes/Origins of disorders |
| What is mania | Extreme elation and agitation |
| What are symptoms of shizophrenia | Hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thinking, and disorganized or abnormal motor behavior |
| What are hallucinations? | perceptual experience that occurs in the absence of external stimulation |
| What are delusions | Beliefs that are contrary to reality |
| What is avolition | lack of motivation to engage in self-initiated and meaningful activity |
| What is alogia | Reduced speech output |
| What is asociality | Social withdrawl |
| What is anhedonia | Inability to experience pleasure |
| What is the prevalence of schizophrenia | 1% of the whole population experiences it |
| What is the dopamine hypothesis | an overabundance of dopamine or too many dopamine receptors are responsible for the onset and maintenance of schizophrenia. High levels of dopamine in the limbic system cause hallucinations |
| What is different about the brain in pts with schizophrenia | Enlarged ventricles, reduced gray matter in the frontal lobes, and less frontal lobe activity when doing tasks |
| What are personality disorders | Characterized by a pervasive and inflexible personality style that differs markedly from expectations of the individuals' culture and causes distress or impairment. |
| What is the prevalence of personality disorders | 9% of the population |
| What are the three clusters of personality disorders | Cluster A = Odd/Eccentric Behavior, Cluster B = Dramatic/Erratic Behavior, Cluster C = Anxious/Inhibited behavior |
| What is borderline personality disorder | Characterized by instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and mood, as well as marked impulsivity. |
| What are some symptoms of BPD | Can't tolerate the thought of being alone, relationships are intense or unstable, impulsive, anger, sarcastic |
| What is the prevalence of BPD | 1.4% of population |
| What is antisocial personality disorder | Characterized by complete lack of regard for other people’s rights or feelings |
| What are symptoms of antisocial personality disorder | Performing illegal acts, lying or conning others, lack of remorse, inflated sense of self |
| What is the prevalence of antisocial personality disorder | 3.6% of population |
| What is ADHD | Constant pattern of inattention and/or hyperactive and impulsive behavior that interferes with normal functioning |
| What are the symptoms of autism spectrum disorder | Deficits in social interactions, deficits in communication, and repetitive behaviors |
| What is the prevalence of autism spectrum | 1/88 children, 5x more common in children |
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