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Supreme Court
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The “Great Chief Justice” who established judicial review and strengthened federal power. Key cases: Marbury v. Madison (1803, establishing judicial review); McCulloch v. Maryland (1819, affirming implied powers). | John Marshall (Chief Justice, 1801–1835) |
| Known for pro-states’ rights views and the Dred Scott decision, which deepened sectional divides before the Civil War. Key cases: Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857, denying citizenship to African Americans); Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge (1837, promoti | Roger B. Taney (Chief Justice, 1836–1864) |
| A former Treasury Secretary who helped manage Civil War finances; on the Court, he supported Reconstruction but clashed with Congress. Key cases: Texas v. White (1869, affirming Union indivisibility); dissented in Slaughter-House Cases (1873, limiting civ | Salmon P. Chase (Chief Justice, 1864–1873) |
| Oversaw the Court’s shift toward laissez-faire economics during Gilded Age industrialization. Key cases: Munn v. Illinois (1877, upholding state regulation of businesses); Santa Clara County v. Southern Pacific Railroad (1886, implying corporate personhoo | Morrison R. Waite (Chief Justice, 1874–1888) |
| Led a conservative Court that struck down Progressive reforms and upheld Jim Crow segregation. Key cases: Plessy v. Ferguson (1896, “separate but equal” doctrine); United States v. E.C. Knight Co. (1895, limiting antitrust enforcement). | Melville Fuller (Chief Justice, 1888–1910) |
| The “Great Dissenter” whose pragmatic “bad man” theory influenced legal realism. Key cases: Lochner v. New York (1905, dissenting against striking down labor laws); Schenck v. United States (1919, “clear and present danger” test for free speech). | Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. (Associate Justice, 1902–1932; served under Chief Justices Fuller, White, Taft, Hughes, and Stone) |
| First Jewish justice and “people’s attorney”; advocated for privacy rights and economic regulation. Key cases: Olmstead v. United States (1928, dissenting on wiretap privacy); Louisville Gas & Electric Co. v. Coleman (1928, upholding state power). | Louis D. Brandeis (Associate Justice, 1916–1939; served under Chief Justices White, Taft, Hughes, and Stone) |
| A progressive who defended civil liberties amid New Deal challenges and WWII. Key cases: United States v. Carolene Products Co. (1938, “footnote four” on suspect classifications); Minersville School District v. Gobitis (1940, upholding flag salute). | Harlan Fiske Stone (Chief Justice, 1941–1946; Associate 1925–1941 under Chief Justice Taft and Hughes) |
| A consensus-builder during post-WWII tensions, though criticized for deferring to executive power. Key cases: Korematsu v. United States (1944, upholding Japanese internment); Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer (1952, limiting presidential seizure powe | Fred M. Vinson (Chief Justice, 1946–1953) |
| Architect of the “Warren Court” revolution in civil rights and liberties. Key cases: Brown v. Board of Education (1954, ending school segregation); Miranda v. Arizona (1966, establishing Miranda rights). | Earl Warren (Chief Justice, 1953–1969) |
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