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chapter 9
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| where can movement only occur at? | joints, or articulations, where two bones meet |
| what is a joint and what determines it | where two bones meet and it is determined by its movement |
| each joint is a balance between ___ and ____ | strenght and movement |
| the stronger a joins is the _____ | less it moves |
| the weaker a joint is the ______ | the more it moves |
| list and describe the 2 means by which joints are classified: | structurally - based on the anatomy of the joint - no regards to the range of motion |
| list and describe the 2 means by which joints are classified: | functionally - based on the amount of movement possible at a joint (range of motion) |
| list and describe the 4 types of joints based on anatomy | fibrous - contains fibrous proteins between bones |
| list and describe the 4 types of joints based on anatomy | cartilaginous - some type of cartilage found between bones |
| list and describe the 4 types of joints based on anatomy | bony - bone fills in the space between bones |
| list and describe the 4 types of joints based on anatomy | synovial - contains synovial fluid |
| list and define the 3 types of joints based on range of motion | synarthrosis - immovable or immobile joint (fibrous or cartilaginous) |
| list and define the 3 types of joints based on range of motion | amphiarthrosis - slightly moveabble or somewhat mobile |
| list and define the 3 types of joints based on range of motion | diarthrosis - freely moveable |
| synathrosis: suture | found only between sutures in the skull |
| synathrosis: gomphosis | found where the teeth lock in |
| synathrosis: synchondrosis | non-mobile joint with cartilage (hyaline) between |
| where is the synchondrosis found | between the sternum and ribs |
| synarthrosis: synostosls | bony fusion |
| synostosls: two bones fuse together, occurs in the ____ and at _____ | two bones fuse together, occurs in the sku;; and at growth plates |
| amphlarthrosis: syndesmosis | bones by ligaments |
| amphlarthrosls: symphysis | two bones are connected by fibrous cartilage |
| diarthrosis: synovial joints | permit wide range of motions found at the ends of long bones |
| a synovial joint is a _____ | is a diarthrosis |
| list one of the three parts of a synovial joint | a two layers join capsule or articular capsule found on the outside of the joint |
| list one of the three parts of a synovial joint | the internal synovial membrane contains synovial fluid |
| list one of the three parts of synovial joint | at the ends of the bones is articular or hyalin cartilage |
| what does synovial fluid do | prevents the articular cartilage on each bone from making contact, and act as a lubricant |
| what is synovial rich in | proteoglycans and hyaluronic acid |
| list one of the 3 function of synovial fluid | lubrication: reduces frictions between articulating bones |
| list one of the 3 functions of synovial fluid | nutrients distribution - provides nutrients to the articular cartilage |
| list one of the 3 functions of synovial fluid | shock absorption - cushions joints subjected to compression |
| list and describe one of the 5 accessory structures of synovial joints | cartilages - the meniscus or menisci plural is a pad of fibrous cartilage between the two articulating surfaces of the knee joint |
| list and describe one of the 5 accessory structures of synovial joints | fat pads - masses of adipose that protect the cartilage and act as a packing material |
| list and describe one of the 5 accessory structures of synovial joints | ligaments - connect bone to bone -help stabilize the joints -they may be found outside or inside the capsule tendons |
| list and describe one of the 5 accessory structures of synovial joints | tendons - attach muscle to bone -create stability in joints |
| list and describe one of the 5 accessory structures of synovial joints | bursae - small pouches of cartilage filled with synovial fluid that cushions and reduce friction for tendons and ligaments |
| what is dislocation | also known as luxation - the articular surfaces are forced out of position |
| what is subluxation | a partial dislocation |
| list one of the 3 types of dynamic motion | linear movement (gliding) |
| list one of the 3 types of dynamic motion | angular movement |
| list one of the 3 types of dynamic motion | rotation |
| list one of the 3 planes of dynamic motion | monaxial (1 axis) - 1 plane of motion |
| list one of the 3 planes of dynamic motion | biaxial (2 axes) - 2 planes of motion |
| list one of the 3 planes of dynamic motion | triaxial (3 axes) - 3 planes of motion |
| what is gliding motion | two opposing surfaces glide past each other |
| give examples of these joints: | vertebrae, the carpal bones, the tarsal bones, and the clavicle and sternum |
| what kinds of movements and what limits it | are slightl and are limited by ligaments and joint capsules |
| define the following angular motions: | flexion - reduction of the angle between two articulaed bones |
| define the following angular motions: | extension- increase of the angle between two articulated bones |
| define the following angular motions: | hyperextension - extension past the anatomical postion |
| define the following angular motions: | adduction - movement toward the midline of the body |
| define the following angular motions: abduction | abduction - movement away from the midline of the body |
| define the following types of rotational motions: | circumduction - motion of the distal end of a bone that describes a circle, but the shaft of the bone does not rotate |
| define the following types of rotational motions: | rotation - pivot on an axis - left or right |
| define the following types of rotational motions: | medial rotation/internal rotation - the anterior surface of the limb turns towards the long axis of the body |
| define the following type of rotations motions: | lateral rotation/outward rotation - the anterior surface of the limbs turns away from the long axis of the body |
| define the following type of rotations motions: | pronation - rotation of the forearm that turns the palm down or posteriorly |
| define the following type of roations motions: | supination - rotation of the forearm that turns the palm up or anteriorly |
| define the following special movements: | inversion - motion that turns the foot inward |
| define the following special movements: | eversion - motion that turns the foot outward |
| define the following special movements: | lateral flexion - motion that bends the vertebral column toward the side |
| define the following special movements: | plantar flexion - motion of the foot so that the toes are depressed with respect to the ankle |
| define the following special movements: | dorsiflexion - movement of the foot so that the toes are pulled upward toward the shin |
| define the following special movements: | oppostition - movement of the thumb toward the palm or tips of the finger |
| define the following special movements: | elevation - movement in a superior or upward direction |
| define the following special movements: | depression - movement in an inferior or downward direction |
| define the following special movements: | retraction - movement backward or posteriorly |
| define the following types of joints: | gliding - flattened or slightly curved faces limited motion ( nonaxial) ex: vertebrae |
| define the following types of joints: | hinge - angular motion in a single plane (monaxial) ex: elbow and knee |
| define the following types of joints: | pivot - rotation only (monaxial) ex - atlantoaxial joint |
| define the following types of joints: | condylar - oval articular face within a depression (biaxial) |
| define the following types of joints: | saddle - two concave surfaces that are straddled (biaxial) |
| define the following types of joints: | ball-and-socket - round articular face in a depression (triaxial) |
| what is an intervertebral joint | are the articulations of two vertebrae, one form above, and one below |
| what kind of joint are they | gliding joints |
| what movements do they permit | permit flexion, extension lateral flexion and rotation of vertebral column |
| what are intervertebral disks? where do they span, what are they made of | from c2 - sacrum there are pads of fibrous cartilage |
| list one of the 3 parts of an intervertebral disk | outer annulus fibrosis - tough fibrous cartilage |
| list one of the 3 parts of a intervertebral disk | inner nucleus pulposus - solf gelatinous core, enables shock absorption |
| list one of the 3 parts of a intervertebral disk | vertebral end plates : a thin covering composed of hyaline cartilage and fibrous cartilage |
| where does the atlantoaxial joint occur | between C1 and C2 vertebrae |
| what kind of joint is a atlantoaxial joint | pivot joint - rotational motion |
| list and describe one of the 6 intervertebral ligaments | anterior longitudinal ligaments - connects to the anterior surfaces of adjacent vertebral bodies |
| list and describe one of the 6 intervertebral ligaments | posterior longitudinal ligaments - connects to the posterior surface of adjacent vertebral bodies |
| list and describe one of the 6 intervertebral ligaments | ligamentum flavum - connects laminae of adjacent vertebrae |
| list and describe one of the 6 intervertebral ligaments | interspinous ligaments - connectes the lateral sides of the spinous processes of adjacent vertebrae |
| list and describe one of the 6 intervertebral ligaments | ligamentum nuchae (nuchal ligament) - connects C7 to the skull |
| list and describe one of the 6 intervertebral ligaments | supraspinous ligaments - connects the tipds of spinous processes from C7 to the sacrim |
| define bulging (slipped) disk | when annulus fibrosis (outer layer of disk) i forced out from between vertebrae |
| define herniated disk | when nucleolus pulposus (inner layer of disk) breaks through annulus fibroses |
| define sequestered disk | when nucleolus pulposus (inner layer of disk) breaks through annulus fibroses and travels down the spinale canal |
| what is one of 2 joints that make up the shoulder | glenohumeral joint - between the glenoid fossa of the scapula and the head of the humerus |
| what is one of 2 joints that make up the shoulder | acromioclavicular joint - between the acromion and the clavical |
| what is the weakest, most mobile and most prone to dislocate | the glenohumeral joint |
| describe the acromiclavicular joint | is non-axial, gliding diarthrosis |
| list and define one of the 5 ligaments of the acromioclavicular joint | glenohumeral - attaches the glenoid to the humerus |
| list and define one of the 5 ligaments of the acromioclavicular joint | coracohumeral - attaches the coracoid process to the humerus |
| list and define one of the 5 ligaments of the acromioclavicular joint | coracoacromial - attaches the coracoid process to the acromion |
| list and define one of the 5 ligaments of the acromioclavicular joint | coracoclavicular - attaches the coracoid process to the clavicle |
| list and define one of the 5 ligaments of the acromioclavicular joint | acromioclavicular - attaches the acromion to the clavicle |
| what kinds of joint is the elbow | a complex hinge joint |
| what bones articulate | articulations between the humerus, radius, and ulna |
| define: humeroulnar | the largest and strongest joint |
| define: humeroradial | the smaller articulation |
| waht movements does the elbow permit | flexion, extension, supination, and pronation |
| list and describe one of the 3 ligaments of the elbow | radial collateral ligament - stabilizes the lateral side of the elbow |
| list and describe one of the 3 ligaments of the elbow | ulnar collateral ligament - stabilizes the medial side of the elbow |
| list and describe one of the 3 ligaments of the elbow | annular ligament - wraps around the head of the radius |
| what is the hip joint called | coxal joint |
| what kinds of joint is the hip joint? describe it | sturdy triaxial ball and socket diarthrosis |
| what movements does the hip join permit | flexion, extension, hyperextension, adduction abduction, circumduction, and rotation |
| where does the head of the fermurs fit | into the acetabulum of the coaxal bones |
| List and describe one of the 4 contents of the acetabulum | Articular cartilage- shaped like a horseshoe |
| List and describe one of the 4 contents of the acetabulum | Acetabular labrum- rings of fibrous cartilage that increases depth of acetabulum. |
| List and describe one of the 4 contents of the acetabulum | Transverse acetabular ligament- crosses the acetabular notch filling in the gap at the inferior border of the acetabulum |
| List and describe one of the 4 contents of the acetabulum | Ligament of the femoral head/ligamentum teres- originates at the transverse acetabular ligament, and attaches to the fovea capitis of the Femur |
| List and define one of the 3 further ligaments that increase the strength of the hip | Iliofemoral- attaches the ilium to the femur. |
| List and define one of the 3 further ligaments that increase the strength of the hip | Pubofemoral- attaches the pubis to the femur. |
| List and define one of the 3 further ligaments that increase the strength of the hip | Ischiofemoral- attaches the ischium to the femur |
| what kind of joint is the knee | is a mon- axial hinge diarthrosis |
| where does the knee joint occur | femur and tibia articulate |
| what other joint happens in the knee joint | Where the femur and patella articulate is a non-axial gliding diarthrosis |
| what movement does the knee joint permit | The knee joint permits flexion, extension, and little rotation. |
| List one of the 3 articulations of the knee joint | Medial femoral condyles to tibia. |
| List one of the 3 articulations of the knee joint | Lateral femoral condyles to tibia. |
| List one of the 3 articulations of the knee joint | Patella and knee surface |
| List one of the 2 menisci | Medial meniscus |
| List one of the 2 menisci | Lateral meniscus |
| What are one of the 3 functions of the menisci | Act as cushions. |
| What are one of the 3 functions of the menisci | Conform to shape of articulating surfaces as femurs changes positions. |
| What are one of the 3 functions of the menisci | Provide lateral stability for the joint. |
| Define the following ligaments of the knee: patellar ligament | quadriceps muscles continues into the |
| Define the following ligaments of the knee: politeal ligaments | two popliteal ligaments reinforce the posterior surface. |
| Define the following ligaments of the knee: anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments | inside the joint capsule, the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), and the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL). • They both cross. – The ACL and PCL prohibit anterior and posterior movements of the knee |
| Define the following ligaments of the knee: tibial collateral ligament | outside the capsule the Tibial collateral ligament (medial collateral ligament) stabilizes the medial side of the knee, |
| Define the following ligaments of the knee: fibular collateral ligamnet | Fibular collateral ligament (Lateral collateral ligament) stabilizes the lateral side of the knee |
| when do the collateral ligaments stabilize | They only stabilize in full extension. |
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