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Psych
Health and stress, Social Psychology part 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Health Psychologists study these reasons for health and illness | Psychological factors, Biological characteristics, Social Conditions |
| Psychological factors | Thoughts/actions, lifestyles, stress, heath beliefs |
| Biological characteristics | Genetic predispositions, exposure to microbes, brain and other nervous system development |
| Social conditions | Environments, cultural influences, family relationships, social support |
| Behavior influences on health | What you eat Amount of physical activity Amount of sleep Smoking, alcohol, recreational drugs Risky sex Adherence to medical advice |
| Social Context | Access to high-quality medical care Exposure to environmental toxins Exposure to crime Access to natural environment Ease of exercising Social norms: what the people around you do |
| Social factors of covid | Pre-vaccine, greater likelihood of getting Covid with less income |
| Flat lines | White Americans without BA degree life expectancy has flatlined |
| Deaths of despair | Increase in deaths from opioids, alcohol, suicide starting in mid-1990s |
| Higher income/ college educated | Some biology Fewer occupational hazards (military, police, construction, etc)Less alcoholism (this is changing) |
| Healthy behavior habits | Healthy diet, reduce alcohol consumption, stop smoking, increase physical activity, vaccination |
| Healthy diet | Reduces #1 heart disease, #2 cancer,#5 stroke, #8 diabetes Less processed food (fat, sugar) More fruits and vegetables Less meat and dairy More legumes, nuts, seeds |
| Reduce alcohol consumption | Reduces #2 cancer, #10 liver disease |
| Stop smoking | Affects #2 cancer, #6 lung disease |
| Increase physical activity | Reduces #1 heart disease, #5 stroke, #7 Alzheimer’s, #8 diabetes |
| Vaccination | Affects #4 COVID |
| Stress | Physical and psychological response to internal or external stressors. |
| Stressors | Specific events or chronic pressures that place demands on a person or threaten the person’s well-being |
| Stereotype threat experiments | Subjects perform some cognitive task BEFORE starting, subjects reminded that they belong to a group that is expected to perform poorly. OR, no reminders (baseline subjects). Reminded subjects perform worse than not- reminded |
| Causes for stereotype threat experiment results | Stress response interferes with the cognitive task,Working memory is occupied with thinking about the stereotype and need to excel, instead of the task at hand |
| Physiology of the stress response | Step 1. Some event is interpreted by various brain areas Sensory cortex, amygdala, PF cortex, then Hypothalamus gets involved Activates SNS (branch of autonomic NS)Activates adrenal glands via pituitary gland: HPA axis, causes fight or flight response |
| Glass and Singer 1972 | Perceived control reduces the impact of stressors on performance |
| Cognitive task performance worse in a noisy than a quiet room, but | No impact of noise on performance if people had access to a “panic button” that would stop the noise. Even when people never pressed the button. |
| Appraisal model of stress from Lazarus | Whether we experience stress depends on our cognitive appraisal of the event and the resources we have to deal with it |
| Acute stress | Temporary response to a situation. Likely helpful in dealing with it. |
| Chronic stress | Response to events that occur continuously or repeatedly. (constant noise, neighborhood crime, bullying) |
| Chronic stress effects | Wears down bodily systems involved in the stress response (Increased risk of heart disease) Draws resources away from other bodily systems( Poorer immune function: More likely to catch a cold when exposed to a virus, fewer antibodies produced.) |
| General adaptation syndrome | Three stage physiological stress response that occurs, regardless of stressor encountered. According to Hans Selye (1907-1982) GAS is non-specific and does not vary across stressors. |
| Alarm phase | Rapid mobilization |
| Resistance phase | Adaptation and coping |
| Exhaustion phase | Collapse |
| Emotion focused coping | Trying to stop the negative emotion Physically avoiding the stressful situation Alcohol or other drugs Sweet foods, Quick relief, but won’t stop a recurring stressor |
| Problem focused coping | Stop the stressor by solving the problem. Generate possible solutions Analyze costs & benefits Choose and implement some solution Best approach to a recurring stressor |
| Postive Reappraisal | Finding the good things in a situation |
| Downward comparison | Realizing that things could be worse |
| Social Structure across the Animal Kingdom | Majority: Loners Less common: Small Clans Rare Ultrasocial species with division of labor |
| Aggression | One way of dealing with scarce resources |
| Frustration Aggression hypothesis | Animals aggress only when their goals are thwarted – competing for food, shelter, mates |
| Generally in humans | Negative emotion causes aggression, Ex: The weather effect, violent crimes and riots tend to occur in hot weather |
| Best statistical predictor of aggression is being | Male |
| Testosterone equals | Feeling of power= greater willingness to take risk of aggressive action |
| Male and female aggression differs in | Motive and method (Physical versus verbal/social aggression) |
| Cultural influences | Geography and history |
| Steven Pinker | argues that violent behavior has been decreasing over thousands of years of human history |
| Cooperation | A different way of dealing with scarce resources, Cooperation is risky |
| People try to minimize the risk of cooperation by punishing cheaters | Ultimatum game |
| Altrusim | Behavior that benefits the other person(s), but not oneself |
| Kin Selection | Helping relatives =They survive & thrive = They have more offspring = Your (shared) genes are passed on |
| Reciprocal altruism | I expect future benefits from you |
| True altruism | jumping onto the subway tracks to rescue someone, donating kidney to a stranger, donating to charities |
| Initial attraction | Proximity & familiarity: People like people they see frequently The mere exposure effect |
| Similarity | People similar in attitudes, values, interests, backgrounds, and personalities tend to like each other |
| Personality | People dislike: Cheaters, dishonest, insincere, and people like warmth, competence |
| What do people find attractive? | Bilateral symmetry, Body shape, Age |
| Bilateral symmetry | Left and right halves of face and body much alike |
| Body shape | Heterosexual women prefer triangular male build: broad shoulders, narrow waist and hips, Heterosexual men prefer hourglass female build: chest and hips wider, narrow waist |
| Age | Heterosexual women prefer men who are older than themselves Heterosexual men prefer women who are younger than themselves |
| Passionate love | Feelings of euphoria, intimacy, and intense sexual attraction |
| Companionate love | Affection, trust, and concern for a partner’s well-being |
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