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Anatomy Unit 7
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Two Regions in the Kidney | renal cortex (crust) and renal medulla (middle) |
| About the Nephron | - functional and structural unit of kidney - each kidney has about 1 million - majority of the nephron is the cortex |
| Anatomy of a Nephron | Bowman's Capsule Proximal Convoluted tubule Loop of Henle Distal convoluted tubule |
| Bowman's Capsule | - In cortex. Acts like a "vacuum" - Leads into proximal convoluted tube |
| Proximal Convoluted Tubule | - in the cortex - leads to the loop of henle |
| Loop of henle | - in renal pyramid. dips down into medulla - Leads into the distal convoluted tubule |
| Distal convoluted tube | - in cortex -leads to collecting duct |
| collecting duct | - at end of distal convoluted tube - extends down to renal pyramid - goes to minor calyx |
| Renal Pyramids | funnel shaped organs that lead into minor calyx - renal columns separate the pyramids |
| Minor calyx | tubes that lead into major calyx |
| major calyx | tubes that lead into renal pelvis |
| renal pelvis | funnel shaped area in base of kidney that leads into the ureter |
| Ureter | the tube that connects the kidneys to the urinary bladder where the pee is finally released through the urethra |
| renal arteries | - brings blood into kidneys (comes from Aorta) - Transport a LARGE volume of blood |
| Renal Vein | takes blood out of kidney to inferior vena cava |
| Afferent arterioles | Blood from renal arteries - leads to the glomerulus |
| Glomerlus | a cluster of blood capillaries in Bowman's capsule - leads to efferent arterioles |
| Efferent Arterioles | - lead blood away from Bowman's capsule and all throughout the nephron - leads to peritublar capillaries |
| peritublar capillaries | - efferent Arterioles turn into peritublar capillaries - capillaries run throughout the nephron around - proximal convoluted tube - loop of henle |
| renal venules | lead to renal vein |
| Functions of Excretory system | regulates what stays in the body and what leaves the body |
| What does blood do in the excretory system | collects water and filters body fluids |
| what does the excretory system do to wastes | removes and concentrates waste products from body fluids |
| excretory system connection to homeostasis | excretory system returns other substances to body fluids to maintain homeostasis |
| what does the excretory system eliminate | eliminates excretory products from the body |
| excretory specific functions | - regulates blood composition by filtering secreting toxins - regulating pH of blood by secreting H+ |
| Erythopoietin in excretory system | excretory system controls the rate of Red blood cell formation by secreting erythopoietin |
| Excretory system and Renin | excretory system regulates blood pressure by secreting enzyme renin |
| excretory and calcium | excretory system regulates absorption of calcium (ca2+) |
| main function of the kidneys | filter the blood and regulate what stays in and out of the body |
| capillaries in the kidneys | thousands in one kidney, blood get filtered by kidneys continuously |
| 2 main systems at work | blood and nephrons |
| blood supply | blood enters kidney in order to get filtered and leaves kidney filtered |
| nephrons definition/system | system that filters the blood and takes out the wastes and excess water/electrolytes |
| nephrons basic background | - functional and structural unit of kidney - where filtration occurs -where you make urine - where stuff leaves or stays in blood - each kidney has around 1 million - filters in kidney, loop in medulla |
| main function of the nephron | to control the composition of body fluids and remove waste from blood - product is urine, excreted from body |
| Urine contains | - wastes (what the body doesn't need) - excess water - electrolytes |
| formation of urine is done through 3-step process | - glomerular filtration - tubular reabsorption - tubular secretion |
| Glomerular filtration (step 1) | - occurs in Bowman's capsule - afferent arterioles bring blood to glomerulus (capillaries) - bowman's Capsule acts like a vacuum and sucks into the nephron everything but blood cells and proteins (filtrate) |
| filtrate | the fluid that has been filtered from the blood in the glomerulus into the bowman's capsule |
| glomerular filtration process type | passive process - occurs naturally with no ATP |
| Filtration rate (step 1) | glomerular filtration produces around 180 liters of filtrate a day - most of it is returned to body (blood) - only what we don't need in the body stays in the nephron and becomes urine |
| Peritubular capillaries (step 1) | tiny capillaries supplied by efferent arterioles that travel alongside nephrons (Proximal convoluted tube and loop of Henle), allowing things to go back and forth between nephron and the blood. |
| Tubular reabsorption (step 2) | - done by proximal convoluted tubule and loop of henle - process where substances are taken out of the nephron and back into the blood - process returns substances back into the body |
| what substances get returned back to the body during tubular reabsorption | glucose, sodium, calcium, water and more are reabsorbed into the blood |
| what process is tubular reabsorption | passive process - no ATP required |
| step 3 - Tubular secretion | occurs in proximal convoluted tube and loop of henle - process by which substances can move from the plasma back into the nephron in order to be excreted from the body |
| Tubular secretion examples | hydrogen ions are secreted back into the nephron (urine is acidic) - potassium ions are secreted back into the nephrons as well - as well as other minerals - not much overall happens here |
| Why secretion in tubular secretion | things come back into the blood in reabsorption that shouldn't |
| what kind of process in tubular secretion | active process - ATP required, going against concentration gradient |
| Urinary excretion | Urinary excretion = Glomerular filtration - Tubular reabsorption + tubular secretion |
| Urine secretion | urine secretion is around 0.6-2.5 liters (1) - glomerular filtration was 180 180 -> 2.5 Much more filtration than secretion (urine) |
| Bowman's capsule physiology | - starting point, continuous filtering unit - blood enters -> makes filtrate (separates blood from everything else) - filtrate is made up of electrolytes, sugar, nutrients, water, wastes |
| Physiology of proximal convoluted tubules | - filtrate continues through this - process of making urine starts here - stuff body needs goes back to body |
| loop of Henle physiology | - filtrate continues here - process of making urine continues - stuff body needs also goes back - dips down into medulla |
| Distal convoluted tubule physiology | at this point you have urine |
| collecting duct physiology | - takes urine away - goes to minor calyx |
| blood supply | arteries + venins - afferent arterioles: bring blood in to get filtered - Efferent arterioles: takes "clean blood" out that was filtered |
| Nephron system physiology | - MAKES URINE - Bowmans capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule, collecting duct - collect wastes from blood to take them out of body - regulate volume of water/electrolytes |
| Tubular reabsorption substances | glucose, water, urea, proteins, creatine, amino, lactic, citric, uric acids |
| Tubular secretion substances | penicillin, histamine, phenobarbital, hydrogen ions, ammonia, potassium ions |
| Ureters | tubular organ in which urine travels from kidney to urinary bladder - muscular waves move urine down |
| Urinary bladder | - hollow organ in which urine is stored until excreted - composed of smooth muscle - internal urethral sphincter is contracted which prevents the bladder from emptying until certain pressure is reached - involuntary |
| Internal urethral Sphincter | contracts, which prevents that bladder from emptying until certain pressure is reached - involuntary |
| Urethra | a tube that moves urine from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body - in male, urethra acts as both the urinary canal and passageway for reproductive organs |
| micturition | - urination reflex - as urinary bladder expands, stimulates urge to urinate (micturition) - urinary bladder contracts, Sphincter relaxes |
| External urethral sphincter | - part of micturition - under conscious control, thus you urinate when you want to |
| Filtration rate | filtration rate is the amount of blood that gets filtered at step 1: glomerular filtration |
| Afferent arterioles constrict | - if constriction of afferent arterioles occurs, filtration rate decreases. - afferent arterioles lead to glomerulus, (constricted arterioles = less blood to be filtered) - more blood will be kept in the body as not as much blood can get to the nephrons |
| Efferent arterioles constrict | if constriction of the efferent arterioles occurs, filtration rate increases - this is because blood would pool at the glomerulus thus more blood will be filtered |
| What is renin | - enzyme released to help maintain sodium balance, water balance, and blood pressure |
| When is renin released? | blood pressure drops, fluid leaves (blood) drops |
| How does renin counteract? | - vasoconstricts blood vessels in body, increases blood pressure - keeps sodium and fluids in body, tell tubular reabsorption not to urinate out ex: if you lose a lot of blood, renin will release to maintain these levels. Blood pressure would increase |
| Hormones | ADH and Aldosterone |
| Diuretic | something that makes you urinate a lot - anti-diuretic will make you note pee |
| Aldosterone | - affects the concentration of urine -reabsorbs sodium ions where aldosterone is released - when sodium is absorbed, water comes with it - released when working out or sweating |
| ADH (anti-diuretic-hormone) | - a hormone what when released retains water in the body (keeps water in) - kidneys key job: regulate the amount of water in your body - more fluid = less ADH - less fluid = more ADH |
| Urine composition | - how concentrated your urine is reflects your body's condition in order to maintain homeostais (yellow urine means dehydrated) - concentration of urine varies from time to time |
| Urine composition factors | fluid intake, external temperature, humidity, emotional condition, respiratory rate, body temperature |
| Problems that can occur | Urinary tract infection (UTI) Kidney stones |
| Urinary tract infections (UTI) | - bacteria may ascend from the bladder into the ureters, causing infection - more common in women than men because female urethra is shorter |
| Kidney Stones | - composed of calcium, uric acid, phosphate - formed in renal pelvis - if passes to the ureter, causes severe pain - some just passed, some surgical, fragment them |
Created by:
Shannonnev0822