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Pharmacology test 2
chapters 5, 6, & 7
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| pathogen | an organism that is expected to cause an infection even among people with a strong immune system |
| pathogens (4) | bacteria, fungi, viruses, parasites |
| bacteria | a large domain of single-celled micro organisms that exist everywhere |
| fungis/fungi | a member of a large group of microorganisms that includes yeasts & molds, which have cell features similar to those of human cells. Fungi are everywhere & exist by absorbing nutrients from a host organism |
| virus | a small infectious agent that can replicate (reproduce itself) only inside the living cells or organisms |
| parasite | an organism that lives on or in a human & relies on the human for its food & other functions |
| An invasion of body tissue by disease producing pathogens that multiply & produce toxins that react in a dangerous way & produce illness in a host organism | infection |
| Many types of organisms are always present on or in the skin, mouth, intestinal tract, & vagina of a healthy person. These organisms are known as ________ | normal flora |
| anti-infectives (antimicrobials) | drugs that can kill or inhibit the spread of infectious agents such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or protozoans (antibacterials, antivirals, antifungals, anthelmintics) |
| penicillins | -cell wall synthesis inhibitor -overuse has led to resistance -still considered safest -broad spectrum drug of choice |
| 5 generations of Penicillins | natural penicillins, penicillinase-resistant penicillins, aminopenicillins, carboxypenicillins, ureidopenicillins & piperazine penicillin (piperacillin) |
| most common side effect of Penicillin | diarrhea |
| adverse reactions of Penicillin | rash, erythema, urticaria, angioedema, laryngeal edema, anaphylaxis |
| Cephalosporins | Bactericidal; weaken bacteria by interfering with building of the cell wall. Broad-spectrum activity against gram-negative organisms |
| adverse reactions of Cephalosporins | hypersensitivity, cross-sensitivty, nephrotoxicity |
| more actions/uses for Cephalosporins | -uncomplicated skin & soft tissue infections -infections of the lower respiratory tract, CNS, genitourinary system, joints, & bones -serious infections (ex: bacteremia, septicemia, etc) |
| side effects of Cephalosporins | nausea, vomiting, diarrhea are frequent but usually mild |
| drug interactions of Cephalosporins | severe disulfiram reaction resulting in severe flushing, vomiting, & collapse |
| nursing implications for Cephalosporins | -Must be given by intravenous or intramuscular route -patients with a severe reaction to penicillin should not take these products |
| Vancomycin & Carbapenems (cell wall synthesis inhibitors) | -used for infections caused by multidrug resistant (MDR) bacteria -given intravenously by IV push or by infusion over an hour or more in an acute care setting -nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, headache, rash, fever, & chills can occur |
| Tetracyclines | -broad spectrum antiobiotics |
| adverse reactions of Tetracyclines | GI upset |
| drug interactions of Tetracyclines | milk, dairy, calcium |
| nursing implications for Tetracyclines | -not for pregnant women or children under 8, can cause sensitivity to light, take on empty stomach & avoid dairy within 2 hours of taking drug |
| Macrolides | alternative to penicillin |
| adverse reactions of Macrolides | GI upset |
| drug interactions of Macrolides | increase the action of oral anticoagulants, digoxin, & many other drugs |
| nursing implications for Macrolides | -check nursing text for drug interactions -advise patient to take with food & drink extra fluids |
| Aminoglycosides | weaken the bacteria by limiting the production of protein, used in the treatment of serious gram-negative infections |
| adverse reactions of Aminoglycosides | Nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity, dizziness, ringing in the ears, persistent headache |
| drug interactions of Aminoglycosides | -use with vancomycin increases the risk of nephrotoxicity -ototoxicity is increased with aspirin, furosemide, ethacrynic acid |
| nursing implications for Aminoglycosides | -poorly absorbed from the GI tract -patient should have frequent hearing & urine screenings |
| Miscellaneous protein synthesis inhibitors | Lincosamides, oxazolidinones, & streptogramins (given intravenously to treat bacterial infections that have not responded to other antibiotics) |
| Sulfonamides | broad spectrum anti-infective, Bacteriostatic action: inhibits folic acid synthesis in the cell |
| Sulfonamides (actions & uses) | urinary tract infections, effectively treats multiple microorganisms, preoperative/postoperative therapy for bowel surgery |
| adverse reactions of Sulfonamides | minor but irritating problems |
| drug interactions of Sulfonamides | potentiate oral anticoagulants, methotrexate, sulfonylureas, thiazide diuretics, phenytoin, & uricosuric agents. Decrease effectiveness of penicillins |
| nursing implications for Sulfonamides | -photosensitivity can occur -should be taken with food, milk, or a full glass of water to minimize stomach irritation |
| Fluroquinolones | bactericidal & act by interfering with bacterial DNA synthesis, effective against gram-negative pathogens |
| adverse reactions of Fluroquinolones | nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, & headache, dose must be adjusted with impaired renal function |
| drug interactions of Fluroquinolones | multivitamins & mineral supplements reduce the absorption, increases anticoagulant effects of warfarin |
| nursing implications for Fluroquinolones | take with food (but not dairy products) to decrease adverse gastrointestinal effects, keep older patients well-hyrdated |
| Tuberculosis | mostly seen in underdeveloped nations, risks caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection |
| Antitubercular drugs | most antitubercular are bacteriostatic: have intracellular or extracellular effects that prevent the organism from building new cell walls, thus limiting growth & spread |
| adverse reactions of Antitubercular drugs | toxicity (body sites affected, combination therapy. drug-specific symptoms |
| Nursing implications for Antitubercular drugs | history, chest x-ray, lab tests, additional patient needs |
| Antifungal drugs | treat mycotic infections, fungal-specific drugs, systemic drugs |
| common antifungal drugs | Ketoconazole (Nizoral), Nystatin (Mycostatin), Amphotericin B (Amphotec), Griseofulvin, Metronidazole (Flagyl) |
| Ketoconazole (Nizoral) | -broad-spectrum fungistatic & fungicidal action -used to treat oral thrush, candidiasis, histoplasmosis (ANTIFUNGAL) |
| Nystatin (Mycostatin) | -antibiotic with fungistatic & fungicidal action -used to treat intestinal, vaginal, & oral fungal infections caused by Canida strains (ANTIFUNGAL) |
| Amphotericin B (Amphotec) | systemic drug (ANTIFUNGAL) |
| Griseofulvin | activity decreased with barbiturates (ANTIFUNGAL) |
| Metronidazole (Flagyl) | related drug for mixed fungal & bacterial or protozoa infections; interactions with alcohol |
| nursing implications for Antifungals | -take drugs as ordered, don't stop when symptoms disappear -avoid alcohol -report nausea/vomiting/diarrhea, watch for easy bruising/sore throat/rash/fever -Nystatin must be shaken thoroughly before us -photosensitivity can occur -cleanliness limit spread |
| Antiparasitic drugs | Amebicides, Anthelmintics, Antimalarials |
| Protozoa | Amebiasis, Giardiasis, Toxoplasmosis, Trichomoniasis, Malaria |
| Antiprotozoal drugs | -entamoeba histolytica -relationship to traveling -infection sites in the body |
| Antiprotozoal drugs (actions/uses) | destroy invading amoeba, treatment of intestinal & extraintestinal amebiasis, drug choice depends on location |
| adverse reactions of Antiprotozoal drugs | common: nausea/vomiting/anorexia/diarrhea/GI distress, hepatic abscess, overdose, drug-specific adverse reactions |
| drug interactions of Antiprotozoal drugs | alcohol will produce severe headache, flushing, cramps, nausea, & vomiting |
| nursing implications for Antiprotozoal drugs | no alcohol, teach the patient about the method of infection & review specific methods of personal hygiene |
| Anthelmintics | helminthiasis (infestation by worms). Action is drug-specific |
| common infestations (worms) | pinworms, roundworms, hookworms, tapeworms, whipworms |
| Anthelmintics (list of drugs) | Thiabendazole, Niclosamide & Paromomycin, Piperazine & pyrantel pamoate, Diethylcarbamazine citrate, Mebendazole |
| adverse reactions of Anthelmintics | -drug specific -allergic reaction due to dead microfilaria |
| drug interactions of Anthelmintics | Anthelmintic drugs work against each other if they aere given together. Interfere with a # of specific drugs & lab tests |
| nursing implications for Anthelmintics | preventing transmission |
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gabulous