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Muscles

TermDefinition
Tendon Connects muscle to bone. Made of tough, fibrous connective tissue.
Skeletal Muscle Voluntary, striated muscles that move bones.
Cardiac Muscle Involuntary, striated muscle found only in the heart.
Smooth Muscle Involuntary, non-striated muscle found in organs (e.g., stomach, intestines).
vSarcomere The basic contractile unit of a muscle fibre. Contains actin (thin) and myosin (thick) filaments. Z-line to Z-line defines one sarcomere.
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum A network inside the muscle fibre that stores and releases calcium ions (Ca²⁺) during contraction.
Calcium Ions (Ca²⁺) Trigger muscle contraction by binding to troponin, which moves tropomyosin to expose actin binding sites.
Actin Filaments (Thin) Protein filaments that interact with myosin for contraction.
Myosin Filaments (Thick) Protein filaments with “heads” that attach to actin to pull and shorten the sarcomere.
Troponin Protein that binds calcium to start muscle contraction.
Tropomyosin Protein that blocks binding sites on actin until calcium binds to troponin.
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) The energy source for muscle contraction and relaxation. Powers myosin heads to attach, pivot, and release actin.
6 Muscle Rules Muscles must have at least 2 points of attachment. The attachment that moves = Insertion; the one that stays still = Origin. Muscles must cross at least one joint.
6 muscle rules Muscles work in opposing pairs: Flexor: decreases joint angle Extensor: increases joint angle Muscles can only pull / contract (shorten). Striations (lines) show the direction of contraction
Muscle Fatigue Happens when muscles run out of ATP or oxygen. Lactic acid builds up → burning sensation and tiredness.
Electromyogram (EMG) A recording of electrical activity in muscles. Used to diagnose muscle or nerve disorders.
Tetany A sustained muscle contraction from rapid, repeated stimulation. No relaxation phase between twitches.
Created by: user-1898992
 

 



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