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(4)Analysis & Design
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Conservation of Mass | States that for a closed system, the total mass of the system remains constant over time. |
| Mass Rate | The amount of mass that flows past a point in the system per time. |
| Hydrostatic Pressure | In a fluid varies linearly with depth and depends on the specific weight of the fluid. |
| Pressure Head | Part of fluid energy related to the fluid's pressures expressed as an imaginary height, above a baseline (or reference elevation) such as the centerline of a pump. |
| Manometer | A device for measuring pressure in a hydraulic system. |
| Gauge Pressure | Water pressure in a closed conduit pressurized system. |
| Barometer | A device specifically for measuring atmospheric pressure and works on the same principle as the manometer |
| Compressible Fluids | Are fluids that respond to pressure changes within the system by changing volume, and thus density |
| Incompressible Fluids | Do not change density |
| Continuity Equation | Applies the conservation of mass principle to determine fluid characteristics within a closed system under steady, one-dimensional flow of an incompressible fluid |
| Volumetric Flow Rate | Is the volume of liquid passing through a cross-sectional area per unit time |
| Constituent Concentration | A concept that quantifies the amount of constituent of interest present in an environmental matrix such as air, soil, or water. |
| Solids Loading | One type of concentration loading in which the constituents of interest are suspended solids. |
| Conservation of Energy Principle | For a closed system, the total energy of the system remains constant over time |
| Energy Equation | Accounts for energy loss due to fluid friction |
| Hydraulic Loading | Focused on fluid dynamics through the tank |
| Solids Loading | Focused on the capture and retention of solids in the liquid flow |
| Hydraulic Loading Rate | Is a target design parameter - in other words, it is a value that must be achieved by the design |
| Hydraulic Retention Time | How long the water must remain in the tank to be treated |
| Surface Loading Rate | When the flow is downward through the tank |
| Overflow Rate | Upward flow through a tank |
| Hydraulic Retention Time (Residence Time/Detention Time) | The amount of time water is retained within a treatment tank |
| Batch Reactor | Modeled as a closed system in a noncontinuous or batch process where a reactant is added to water containing a chemical constituent to be neutralized or converted in a tank or reactor. |
| Variable-Volume Coefficient | Is a dimensionless quantity that describes how much the reactor volume changes relative to its starting value. |
| Reaction Rate | Indicates how fast constituent A is being converted and is expressed in moles per liter per second. |
| Reaction Rate Constant | Indicates how fast the reaction occurs |
| Flow Reactor | Molded as an open system in a continuous process where a reactant is added continuously to water containing a chemical constituent to be neutralized or converted that flows continuously through a tank or reactor at a steady state. |
| Plug Flow Reactor (PFR) | A reactor whose process occurs inside a cylindrical reactor, and the chemical concentration of constituent A varies according to the position in the reactor. |
| Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR) | Refers to a reactor whose process incorporates mixing equipment that agitates the contents continuously so that the chemical concentration of constituent A is consistent throughout the reactor. |
| Surface Stress | Measured in units of force per unit area |
| Tangential Stress | A function of viscosity |
| Velocity Gradient | Represents how the velocity of the fluid changes in relation to the distance perpendicular to the direction of flow |
| Drag Force | Frictional force that opposes the relative motion of a solid particle through a fluid. |
| Particle Size and Shape | Larger and irregularly shaped particles generally experience greater drag forces due to increased surface area and form resistance |
| Fluid Properties | Viscosity and density of the fluid directly impact the drag force. For example, more viscous fluids exert higher drag forces on particles. |
| Relative Velocity | Relative speed between the particle and the fluid increases drag. |
| Flow Regime | In laminar flows , drag is mainly due to viscous forces, and in turbulent flows, drag is dominated by inertial forces. |
| Solids Loading Rate (SLR) | Measures the amount of solids introduced into the system relative to the treatment area, guiding the design and operation of clarifiers and other treatment units. |
| Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids (MLSS) | Provides a snapshot of the concentration of suspended solids within the aeration tank, which includes a mixture of organic and inorganic matter. |
| Solids Loading Rate (SLR) | A measure of the solids entering the secondary treatment process involving activated sludge. |
| Sediment Load | In a water body consists of various types of particles that are transported by the flow. |
| Bedload | Is the portion of sediment load that is transported along the bottom of a channel |
| Suspended Load | The portion of sediment load that is carried in the body of the water flow, consisting of finer particles that remain in suspension due to turbulence of the water . |
| Dissolved Load | The portion of the sediment load that is chemically carried in the water, typically consisting of ions, cations, and other soluble materials. |
| Pitot Tube (Impact Tube/Stagnation Tube) | Measures the total fluid energy within a pipeline or channel |
| Venturi Meter (Converging-Diverging Nozzle) | Is a flow measuring device that can be inserted directly into a pipeline. |
| Orifice Meter (Orifice Plate) | Used more frequently than a venturi meter to measure flow rates in small-diameter pipes. |
| Vena Contracta | A plate opening that creates a pressure drop. |
| Parshall Flume | Is commonly used for measuring open channel wastewater flows. |
| Freeboard | Refers to extra capacity in a basin or open channel to allow for unexpected flow. |
| Sluice Gate | Used to measure or regulate flow in an open channel. |
| Weir | An obstruction in an open channel over which flow occurs. |
| Sharp-Crested Weir | Has a vertical flat plate which sharp edges. |
| Triangular (V-Notch) Weir | Is a type of contracted weir that has a triangular opening at the crest, which make sit particular sensitive and appropriate for small flow rates. |
| Suppressed Weir | The opening of the weir extends the full channel width |
| Horizontal Broad-Crested Weir | Has a wide, flat crest over which water flows, which makes it useful in natural streams of larger channels where maintaining flow control is essential. |
| Completely Mixed Flow Meter (CMFR) | Reactor's constituents are completely mixed and that the inflow is instantly mixed and that the inflow is instantly mixed with contents of the reactor. |
| Plug Flow Reactor (PFR) | Contents are completely mixed in a thin strip across the transverse direction; however, there is no mixing in the longitudinal direction. |
| Total Pressure | The sum of the static (pressure at rest) and dynamic (velocity) pressures in a piping system. |
| Dynamic Pressure | Represents the kinetic energy of water in motion and is a function of flow velocity and density. |
| Venturi Meter | Constriction in a pipeline in which pressure differences are used to determine discharge. |
| Orifice Meters | Used to measure flow rates in small pipes. |
| Discharge | A function of the orifice diameter and pressure head loss measured across the the orifice plate. |
| Weirs | Useful hydraulic tools that allow engineers to control water height as well as velocity and can be used to calculate discharge. |
| Sharp-Crested Weir | Used for measuring smaller flows (small rivers and canals) |
| Contracted/Rectangular Weir | Commonly used in irrigation |
| V-Notch/Triangular Weir | Placed across an open channel to measure flow rates less than 10 cfs. |
| Trapezoidal Weir | Typically used when the discharge is too great for a rectangular weir. |
| Broad-Crested Weir | A weir that is in the form of a relatively long raised crest with vertical faces (upstream and downstream) and sharp right-angled corners. |
| Overflow Spillway | A gravity structure used to provide a stable, controlled release of flow from dams. |
| Ogee | A shape for an overflow spillway |
| Parshall Flume | A fixed fabricated hydraulic structure used to measure flow rate in industrial discharges, influent/effluent flows in wastewater treatment plants, or at permanent locations along natural channels. |
| Free-Flow Condition | When this exists, a hydraulic jump occurs downstream of the flume. |
| Submerged Condition | When this exists, flow out of the flume is more restricted and the hydraulic jump disappears. |
| Sluice Gate | Type of underflow gate that are used for flow control in irrigation and drainage channels. |
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