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Exam III
History up to 1877
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Battle of New Orleans | Final major battle of the War of 1812 (1815) where Andrew Jackson defeated the British, making him a national hero. |
| Treaty of Ghent | Treaty that ended the War of 1812; restored prewar boundaries between the U.S. and Britian |
| Impressment | British Practice of forcing American sailors into the British navy, a main cause of the War of1812 |
| Hartford Convention | Meeting of New England Federalists who opposed the War of 1812 and talked about seceding; it hurt the federalist party's repuation. |
| Era of Good Feelings | Period after the War of 1812 marked by national unity and one major political party (the Democratic-Republicans) |
| James Monroe | 5th U.S. president (1817-1825); issued the Monroe Doctrine and led during the Era of Good Feelings. |
| Panic of 1819 | First major U.S. economic depression; caused by bank failures and falling crop prices. |
| Bank of the United States (BUS) | National bank created to stabilize the economy; debated over how much power the federal government should have. |
| Missouri Compromise (1820) | Law that admitted Missouri as a slave state, Maine as a free state, and banned slavery north of the 36'30' line. |
| Tallmadge Amendment | Proposed to ban new slaves in Missouri and gradually end slavery there; it failed but started debate over slavery's expansion. |
| 36'30' line | Boundary set by the Missouri Compromise dividing free and slave territories. |
| Henry Clay | Senator who promoted compromise and the "American System" of roads, banks, and tariffs. |
| Universal White Manhood Suffrage | Voting rights for all white men, not just property owners; expanded democracy in the 1820s-1830s |
| Jeffersonian Democracy | Political philosophy emphasizing states' rights, agriculture, and a limited federal government. |
| "The Corrupt Bargain" | Election of 1824, when John Quincy Adams allegedly made a deal with Henry Clay to win the presidency |
| John Quincy Adams | 6th U.S. president; supported federal projects but faced opposition from Jackson's followers |
| "Tariff of Abominations" | High 1828 tariff that angered the South because it hurt cotton exports and helped Northern industries |
| John C. Calhoun | South Carolina politician who supported states' rights and nullification; vice president under Jackson |
| "South Carolina Exposition" | Document by Calhoun arguing states could nullify unconstitutional federal laws |
| Nullification | Idea that a state can cancel a federal law it believes is unconstitutional |
| Spoils System | Practice of giving government jobs to political supporters instead of qualified people. |
| "Kitchen Cabinet" | Jackson's informal group of trusted advisers, not officially part of his cabinet. |
| Martin Van Buren | Jackson's vice president and 8th U.S. president; faced the Panic of 1837 |
| Peggy Eaton Affair | Scandal over the wife of a cabinet member; led to tension in Jackson's administration |
| Nullification Crisis of 1832 | South Carolina declared tariffs null and void; Jackson threatened force until a compromise was reached. |
| Force Bill | Gave Jackson Power to use the Military to enforce federal laws in South Carolina |
| Anti-Masonic Party | First third party in the U.S. politics; opposed secret societies like the Masons and promoted moral reform |
| Pet Banks | State Banks that received federal money after Jackson shut down the national bank. |
| Indian Removal Act (1830) | Law that forced native Americans east of the Mississippi River to move west |
| Cherokee | Native American Tribe from the Southeastern U.S. who built towns, farms, and their own government; later forced to move west on Trail of Tears |
| Sequoyah | Cherokee man who created a written alphabet for the Cherokee language so his people could read and write. |
| Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831) | Supreme Court case where the Cherokee sought protection from Georgia laws; the court said tribes were "Domestic dependent nations" |
| Worcester v. Georgia (1832) | Supreme Court ruled Georgia laws didn't apply in Cherokee territory; Jackson Ignored it. |
| Trail of Tears | Forced to march of the Cherokee and other tribes to Oklahoma; thousands died from disease and starvation. |
| Stephen Austin | Leader who helped bring American settlers into Texas when it was part of Mexico |
| Santa Anna | Mexican president and general who fought against Texan independence. |
| The Alamo | Mission in San Antonio where Texas rebels were killed by Mexican forces; became a rallying cry ("Remember the Alamo"). |
| Sam Houston | Leader of the Texas army who defeated Santa Anna and became president of the Republic of Texas |
| Republic of Texas | Independent nation formed after Texas won independence from Mexico (1836-1845) |
| Whigs | Political party that opposed Andrew Jackson and supported strong Congress and internal improvements. |
| "American System" | Henry Clay's plan for national growth: protective tariffs, a national bank, and internal improvements (roads, canals) |
| William Henry Harrison | 9th President; hero of Battle of Tippecanoe; died a month after taking office |
| Panic of 1837 | Major Economic depression during Van Buren's presidency caused by bank failures and inflation |
| Liberty Party | Early political party that supported the abolition of slavery |
| Alexis de Tocqueville | French writer who visited the U.S. and wrote Democracy in America, praising American democracy and equality |
| Francis Scott Key | Wrote "The Star-Spangled Banner" during the War of 1812 |
| Fort McHenry | Baltimore fort whose defense inspired "The Star-Spangled Banner." |
| Battle of Lake Champlain | War of 1812 battle where U.S. forces stopped a British invasion from Canada |
| Creek War | Conflict in the South where Andrew Jackson defeated the Creek Nation; part of the War of 1812. |
| Five Civilized Nations | The Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and Seminole tribes; called "civilized" for adopting some European customs. |
| Second Seminole War | (1835-1842) War in Florida where the Seminoles resisted removal to Indian Territory. |
| Francis Cabot Lowell | Industrialist who built textile mills in Massachusetts and introduced the factory system. |
| Mill Girls | Young Women who worked in Lowell's textile mills under strict conditions but gained independence and wages. |
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