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Psychology Exam 4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Learning Definition | Process of acquiring through experience new and relatively enduring information or behaviors |
| 5 major conditioning processes | Acquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery, generalization, discrimination |
| Reinforcers | Positive reinforcement: increases behaviors by presenting positive reinforcers Negative reinforcement: increases behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli |
| Difference between operant and classical conditioning | Operant: learning associations between our behavior and its consequences Classical: learning associations between events that we do not control |
| Intelligence tests | Types: general tests, achievement tests, aptitude tests Major tests: Binet's test, Stanford-binet test, WAIS |
| Chemicals that pass through placenta | Teratogens: viruses and drugs |
| Newborn automatic reflex responses | Rooting, Sucking, startle, grasping |
| Piaget's life stages | Sensory Motor Stage (birth - age 2) Learn via senses Preoperational stage (age 2 - 7) Use words and images, egocentrism |
| Piaget's life stages (2) | Concrete operational stage (age 7 - 11) Logical thinking of concrete events Formal Operational Stage (age 12+) Abstract hypothetical thinking |
| Id | pleasure principle - unconscious |
| Ego | reality principle - conscious |
| Superego | conscience - preconscious |
| Freud's psychosexual stages of development | Oral (0-18 months), Anal (18-36 months), Phallic (3-6 years), Latency (6 years-puberty), Gential (puberty + ) |
| Modern agree with freud | Neo-freudians put more emphasis on conscious mind in experience interpretation and environmental coping |
| Temperament and personality | Temperament: biological traits related to emotional reactivity and intensity Personality: traits and behaviors shaped by environmental influences |
| Current Freudian belief | There is still an agreement on the existence of unconscious mental processes |
| Prenatal Stages | Zygote (conception - 2 weeks), Embryo, 2 - 8 weeks), Fetus (8 weeks - birth) |
| Unresolved childhood conflicts | at a certain stage can “trap” emotional energy therefore causing adult behaviors that reflect that stage’s needs or struggles |
| Little Albert Experiment | The Little Albert experiment showed that a baby could be taught to fear a harmless object through classical conditioning Example: Albert showed no sign of fear of a white rat. Once paired with a loud noise, every time he saw a white rat he was scared. |
| Nature, nurture, continuity | Nature (genetics) and nurture (environment) work together to shape development, with continuity referring to gradual, ongoing changes influenced by both factors over time |
| Brain not capable of remembering walking | Rapid neuron growth disrupts old memory circuits, causing infantile amnesia. |
| Motorskill development | Genes, culture |
| Positive punishment (Administer an aversive stimulus) | Spray water on a barking dog; give a traffic ticket for speeding.) |
| Negative punishment (Withdraw a rewarding stimulus.) | Take away a misbehaving teen’s driving privileges; block a rude commenter on social media. |
| Neutral stimulus (NS) | A stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning |
| Unconditioned response (UR) | An unlearned, naturally occurring response (such as salivation) to an unconditioned stimulus (such as food in the mouth) |
| Unconditioned stimulus (US) | A stimulus that unconditionally—naturally and automatically—triggers an unconditioned response |
| Conditioned response (CR) | A learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus |
| Conditioned stimulus (CS) | An originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response |
| Positive punishment (Administer an aversive stimulus) | Spray water on a barking dog; give a traffic ticket for speeding.) |
| Negative punishment (Withdraw a rewarding stimulus.) | Take away a misbehaving teen’s driving privileges; block a rude commenter on social media. |
| Neutral stimulus (NS) | A stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning |
| Unconditioned response (UR) | An unlearned, naturally occurring response (such as salivation) to an unconditioned stimulus (such as food in the mouth) |
| Unconditioned stimulus (US) | A stimulus that unconditionally—naturally and automatically—triggers an unconditioned response |
| Conditioned response (CR) | A learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus |
| Conditioned stimulus (CS) | An originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response |
| (Openness ) Practical, prefers routine, conforming | Imaginative, prefers variety, independent |
| (Conscientiousness) Disorganized, careless, impulsive | Organized, careful, disciplined |
| (Extraversion) Retiring, sober, reserved | Sociable, fun-loving, affectionate |
| (Agreeableness) Ruthless, suspicious, uncooperative | Soft-hearted, trusting, Helpful |
| (Neuroticism) Calm, secure, self-satisfied (emotional stabilityvs. instability) | Anxious, insecure, self-pitying |
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