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(3) Materials
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Breakpoint Sieve | Identifies the point at which the gap in the gradation begins. |
| Hydrometer Test | Used to distinguish between silt and clay by measuring the settling rate of soil particles in water. |
| Sieve Analysis | A test to determine particle size distribution in a granular material. |
| Hazen Uniformity Coefficient | Indicates the general shape of the particle size distribution. |
| Coefficient of Curvature (Coefficient of Gradation) | An index for the uniformity of the soil. |
| Plasticity Index (PI) | The range of moisture content at which soil is in a plastic condition. |
| Nonplastic Soils | Sands and most silts. |
| Atterberg Limits | Levels of water content that correspond to the soil transitions between solid, semisolid, plastic solid, and liquid. |
| Liquid Limit (Upper Plastic Limit) | The level of water content at which the soil transitions from the plastic phase to the liquid phase. |
| Plastic Limit | The level of water content at which soil transitions from the semisolid phase to the plastic phase. |
| Plastic Limit Test | Involves rolling a soil sample of a specific mass and size into a thread on a grooved glass plate until it crumbles. |
| Consistency of a Clay | Is the water content relative to the Atterberg limits. |
| Liquidity Index | A function of the water content, the plastic limit, and the plasticity index |
| AASHTO Group Index | A measure of the soil's strength and suitability for use as a subgrade or base material in highway and transportation construction. |
| Specific Gravity | Comparison between unit weight of a soil with that of water |
| Degree of Saturation | Dimensionless parameter that represents the proportion of the void spaces (or pores) in a soil mass that are filled with water. |
| Permeability (Hydraulic Conductivity/Coefficient of Permeability) | A measure of the ease with which a fluid - usually nut not necessarily water - can flow through the interconnected void or pores in the material. |
| Compressibility | The degree to which various soil types decrease in volume under an applied load. |
| Darcy's Law | The flow of water through a permeable aquifer or soil |
| Darcy's Law | Only applicable when the Reynolds number is less then 1.0 |
| Overburden Pressure | Estimated to be a function of the weight of all the soil above the given depth, in addition to any surcharge loads on the soil surface. |
| Concrete (Portland Cement Concrete) | Is a mixture of cementitious materials, aggregates, water, and air. |
| Fine Aggregate (FA) | Consists of natural sand or crushed stone with a particle diameter up to 1/4-in (6mm), with most particles being smaller than 0.2-in (5mm) |
| Coarse Aggregate (CA) | Consists of natural gravel or crushed rock with pieces large enough to be retained in a No. 4 sieve (openings of 0.2 in or 4.75 mm). |
| Durability | The ability of concrete to resist environmental exposure or service loadings. |
| Modulus of Elasticity | Determined by measuring the stress and strain experienced by the material the stress and strain experienced by the material under an applied load in the linear elastic region and then dividing the stress by the strain. |
| Nonreinforced Concrete (Plain Concrete) | Made of a mix cement, aggregates, and water without the addition of any reinforcing materials. |
| Reinforced Concrete | Composite material made of concrete and some kind of reinforcement, typically steel bars or welded wire mesh, that is embedded in the concrete. |
| Concrete Compressive Strength | Measure of the ability of concrete to resist compressive loads. |
| Workability | Refers to the ease of placing, consolidating, and finishing freshly mixed concrete with minimal loss of homogeneity, is also affected by the water-cement ratio. |
| Cement Factor | The number of of cubic feet of cement per cubic yard of concrete. |
| Slump Test | Measures the consistency of fresh concrete before it sets to determine the workability of fresh concrete. |
| Absolute Volume | The volume of the material divided by its density (specific gravity) |
| Specific Gravity | Measure of its density relative to the density of water and is typically determined through laboratory testing. |
| Yield | The volume, in cubic yards, of wet concrete produced in a batch. |
| Basis of Design | A summary document prepared by the engineer at the conceptual stage of a project. |
| Corrosion Inhibitors | Are coatings and liners applied to the interior or exterior of piping to decrease the rate of corrosion. |
| Insulation Joint | A specialized pipe fittings that prevents galvanic corrosion by electrically isolating two pipes made of dissimilar metals. |
| Cathodic Joint | Refers to a direct current applied to a metal pipeline to prevent galvanic corrosion. |
| Truss Pipe | A double-walled PVC or ABS pipe with radial or zigzag reinforcing ribs between the thin walls and with lightweight concrete filling all voids to minimize deflection in sewer lines. |
| Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) | U.S. standard for pipe sizes and refers to the nominal diameter and the schedule or wall thickness. |
| Tensile Testing | Measures the strength and ductility of a material under tension |
| Hardness Testing | Measures a material's resistance to indentation |
| Charpy Impact Testing | Measures a material's toughness and resistance to fracture under impact loading |
| Fatigue Testing | Measures a material's resistance to cyclic loading and its ability to withstand repeated stress. |
| Compression Testing | Measures a material's strength and deformation behavior under compression |
| Standard Practice for Classification of Soils for Engineering | Conducts soil classification, also known as USCS |
| Standard Penetration Testing | Evaluates soil density. |
| Static Cone Penetration Testing | Evaluates undrained shear strength and correlation to the California bearing ratio (CBR) in clays, density, and strength of sand and gravel |
| Permeability Testing | Evaluates the coefficient of permeability in base and subbase for rehabilitation projects. |
| Los Angeles Abrasion Testing | Provides a measure of coarse aggregate resistance to degradation by abrasion and impact |
| Nondestructive Testing (Nondestructive Evaluation) | Used when it is impractical or uneconomical to perform destructive sampling on manufactured products and their parts. |
| Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV) | Involves measuring the time taken for ultrasonic pulses to travel through concrete. |
| Rebound Hammer Test | Involves using a spring-loaded hammer to strike the surface of the concrete and measuring the rebound of the hammer |
| Half-Cell Potential Test | Used to determine the corrosion potential of the steel reinforcement within the concrete. |
| Ground-Penetrating Radar (GPR) | Noninvasive technique used to determine the location and depth of reinforcing bars, voids, cracks, and other defects in concrete structures. |
| Covermeter | Used to determine the location of reinforcement bars, concrete cover, and size of reinforcement bars using electromagnets |
| Impact-Echo Test | Involves using a hammer to strike the surface of the concrete and analyzing the resulting sound waves to determine the thickness, quality, and uniformity of the concrete. |
| Infrared Thermography | Can be used to identify areas of the structure that may be compromised due to factors such as moisture, delamination, or air voids. |
| Gamma Radiometry | Technique based on the principle that the intensity of gamma radiation decreases as it passes through a material, and that the rate of decrease is related to the density and moisture content of the material |
| Pullout Test | Used to assess the compressive strength of the concrete, as well as the bond strength between the concrete and any reinforcing steel that may be present. |
| Standard Penetration Test (SPT) | Most common field test and is widely used in the U.S. |
| Relative Density | A special weight-volume relationship used for sands and gravels only. |
| Well-graded Soil | Particle sizes range from sands and gravels to silts and clays with normal distribution |
| Uniform Soil | Known as poorly graded soil, in which most of the soil particle sizes are limited to a very narrow range, or the soil sizes lack a specific range of particle sizes (gap-graded soil). |
| Hyrdometer Analysis | Used to obtain the grain size distribution of fine-grained soils (silts and clays) smaller than 0.075 mm (passing No.200 sieve) |
| Coefficient of Uniformity | Defines the slope of the curve with higher values corresponding to a flat curve with a mild slope, which is a feature of well-graded soils. |
| Coefficient of Curvature | Defines the continuity of a curve and captures gaps. |
| Mean Particle Size (D_50) | Defines the average particle diameter, which is the diameter corresponding to 50% passing |
| Effective Particle Size (D_10) | Is the diameter that corresponds to 10% passing (from the curve), which is significant in problems related to permeability, soil filter design, and seepage through soils. |
| Tensile Stress | When a material stretches or increases in length |
| Compressive Stress | When a force is acting to shorten or decrease its length |
| Shear Stress | Force that causes sections or layers to move in opposite directions. |
| Proportional Limit | Maximum point in a linear relationship where the stress is proportional to the strain. |
| Reinforced Concrete Mix Design | Describes the chemical and physical characteristics of portland cement as well as the various admixtures used to assure consistent performance. |
| Concrete - Type I | Relates to general-purpose portland cement with adequate strength development and a low heat of hydration |
| Concrete - Type II | Modified portland cement that provides a moderate resistance to sulfates. |
| Concrete - Type III | Chemically equivalent to Type I and known as high-early concrete. Lesser curing time-hardens faster. Achieved concrete strength within 1 week, compared to the typical 28-days. |
| Concrete - Type IV | Reduces the heat released during hydration. It is suited for large mass concrete applications. |
| Concrete - Type V | Provides a higher sulfate resistance when compared with Type II. Is used where high-alkaline soils are anticipated or in processes. |
| Retarding Admixtures | Are used during high-temp. placement where the mix has the potential of a flash set. |
| Air-Entraining Admixtures | Induce microscopic air bubbles within the mix as the concrete cures, providing additional durability to concrete, especially in locations where the structure is exposed to freeze-thaw temp. cycles. |
| Accelerator Admixtures | Used to accelerate the concrete strength development in an increased time frame. |
| Water-Reducing Admixtures | Require less water for the concrete and increase the workability of the mix |
| Corrosion-Inhibiting Admixtures | Used in locations exposed to water with high salinity or in areas with high chloride concentrations. |
| Pozzolanic Admixtures | Composed of very fine microscopic particles, compared with typical cement particles. |
| Modulus of Rupture | Indicates the stress associated with concrete cracking at the extreme fiber of an element in tension. |
| Creep | Defined as the increase in strain under a continuous constant stress |
| Ultimate Strength | The maximum force that will cause complete failure or breaking strength of the material. |
| Toughness | Related to ductility, a material's ability to absorb impact or shock load in the plastic range without deforming or fracturing. |
| Brittle Materials | Break without any plastic deformation or stretch and fracture readily without absorbing any energy |
| Ductile Materials | Deform before they fracture |
| Rubber Balloon Method, Sand Cone Method, Nuclear Density, Speedy Moisture Test | To estimate the In-Place Field Density and Moisture Content |
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