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Bio chap 7 & 8 vocab
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| active transport | energy-requiring process by which substances move across the plasma membrane against a concentration gradient. |
| cell | basic unit of structure and organization of all living organisms. |
| cell theory | states that organisms are made of one or more cells; cells are the basic unit of life; and all cells come only from other cells. |
| cell wall | in plants, the rigid barrier that surrounds the outside of the plasma membrane, is made of cellulose, and provides support and protection to the cell. |
| centriole | organelle that plays a role in cell division and is made of microtubules. |
| chloroplast | double-membrane organelle that captures light energy and converts it to chemical energy through photosynthesis. |
| cilium | short, hairlike projection that functions in cell movement. |
| cytoplasm | semifluid material inside the cell's plasma membrane. |
| cytoskeleton | supporting network of protein fibers that provide a framework for the cell within the cytoplasm. |
| diffusion | net movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. |
| dynamic equilibrium | condition of continuous, random movement of particles but no overall change in concentration of materials |
| endocytosis | energy-requiring process by which large substances from the outside environment can enter a cell. |
| endoplasmic reticulum | highly folded membrane system in eukaryotic cells that is the site for protein and lipid synthesis. |
| eukaryotic cell | unicellular organism with membrane-bound nucleus and organelles; generally larger and more complex than a prokaryotic cell. |
| exocytosis | energy-requiring process by which a cell expels wastes and secretes substances at the plasma membrane. |
| facilitated diffusion | passive transport of ions and small molecules across the plasma membrane by transport proteins. |
| flagellum | long, tail-like projection with a whiplike motion that helps a cell move through a watery environment. |
| fluid mosaic model | a plasma membrane with components constantly in motion, sliding past one another within the lipid bilayer. |
| Golgi apparatus | flattened stack of tubular membranes that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins into vesicles and transports them to other organelles or out of the cell. |
| hypertonic solution | a solution that has a higher concentration of solute outside than inside a cell, causing water to leave the cell by osmosis. |
| hypotonic solution | a solution that has a lower concentration of solute outside than inside the cell, causing water to flow into the cell by osmosis. |
| isotonic solution | a solution with the same concentration of water and solutes as inside a cell, resulting in the cell retaining its normal shape because there is no net movement of water. |
| lysosome | vesicle that uses enzymes to digest excess or worn-out cellular substances. |
| mitochondrion | membrane-bound organelle that converts fuel into energy that is available to the rest of the cell. |
| nucleolus | the site of ribosome production within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. |
| nucleus | center of an atom; contains neutrons and protons. |
| organelle | specialized internal cell structure that carries out specific cell functions such as protein synthesis and energy transformation. |
| osmosis | diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane. |
| phospholipid bilayer | plasma membrane layers composed of phospholipid molecules arranged with polar heads facing the outside and nonpolar tails facing the inside. |
| plasma membrane | flexible, selectively permeable boundary that helps control what enters and leaves the cell. |
| prokaryotic cell | microscopic, unicellular organism without a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles. |
| ribosome | simple cell organelle that helps manufacture proteins. |
| selective permeability | property of the plasma membrane that allows it to control movement of substances into or out of the cell. |
| transport protein | protein that moves substances or wastes through the plasma membrane. |
| vacuole | membrane-bound vesicle for temporary storage of materials such as food, enzymes, and wastes. |
| adenosine triphosphate | energy-carrying biological molecule, which, when broken down, drives cellular activities. |
| aerobic process | a metabolic process that requires oxygen. |
| aerobic respiration | metabolic process in which pyruvate is broken down and electron-carrier molecules are used to produce ATP through electron transport. |
| anerobic process | metabolic process that does not require oxygen. |
| Calvin cycle | light-independent reactions during phase two of photosynthesis in which energy is stored in organic molecules as glucose. |
| cellular respiration | catabolic pathway in which organic molecules are broken down to release energy for use by the cell. |
| energy | ability to do work; energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed. |
| fermentation | process in which NAD is regenerated, allowing cells to maintain glycolysis in the absence of oxygen. |
| glycolysis | anaerobic process; first stage of cellular respiration in which glucose is broken down into two molecules of pyruvate. |
| granum | one of the stacks of pigment-containing thylakoids in a plant's chloroplasts. |
| Krebs cycle | series of reactions in which pyruvate is broken down into carbon dioxide inside the mitochondria of cells; also called the tricarboxylic acid cycle and the citric acid cycle. |
| metabolism | all of the chemical reactions that occur within an organism. |
| NADP+ | in photosynthesis, the major electron carrier involved in electron transport. |
| photosynthesis | two-phase anabolic pathway in which the Sun's light energy is converted to chemical energy for use by the cell. |
| pigment | light-absorbing colored molecule, such as chlorophyll and carotenoid, in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts. |
| rubisco | enzyme that converts inorganic carbon dioxide molecules into organic molecules during the final step of the Calvin cycle. |
| stroma | fluid-filled space outside the grana in which light-dependent reactions take place. |
| thermodynamics | study of the flow and transformation of energy in the universe. |
| thylakoid | in choroplasts, one of the stacked, flattened, pigment-containing membranes in which light-dependent reactions occur. |
Created by:
Nehaaa