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AP Comp Gov - 8/9
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Civil liberties | The individual freedoms that protect citizens from government interference, most notably outlined in the Bill of Rights. |
| Bill of Rights | The first 10 amendments to the U.S. Constitution, ratified in 1791, which protect individual liberties from government interference. |
| First Amendment | The First Amendment is a part of the U.S. Constitution's Bill of Rights that guarantees five fundamental freedoms: religion, speech, press, assembly, and petition. |
| Fourteenth Amendment | Grants citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the U.S., established legal and civil rights protections against state and local governments |
| Due process clause | Found in the 5th and 14th amendment, guarantees that the government cannot deprive Andy person of life, Liberty, or property without fair and just legal procedures. |
| Incorporation Doctrine | The legal principle that applies the protections of the Bill of Rights to state governments through 14th amendment. |
| Establishment Doctrine | A provision of the 1st amendment that prohibits from establishing and official religion or favoring one over another. Refered to as separation of church and state. |
| Free exercise clause | The Free Exercise Clause is a provision in the First Amendment that protects citizens' right to practice their religion without governing interference |
| Prior restraint | Government censorship that prohibits speech or expression before it occurs, such as preventing a newspaper from publishing an article in advance. |
| Libel | A form of defamation that involves publishing a false statement in a written or physical medium that damages a person's reputation. Unlike slander, which is spoken, libel is permanent and can be subject to legal action. |
| Symbolic speech | The nonverbal communication of a political or social message through actions or symbols, which is protected under the First Amendment. |
| Commercial speech | Expression for a business purpose, primarily advertising, that proposes a commercial transaction. Has less First Amendment protection than political speech and can be regulated by the government to prevent deception and protect consumers |
| Probable clause | The legal standard that requires a law enforcement officer to have enough facts and circumstances to believe that a crime has been committed, is being committed, or is about to be committed. Justifies actions. |
| Unreasonable search and seizures | The government cannot search a person's property or seize their belongings without a warrant or probable cause, as protected by the Fourth Amendment. |
| Search warrant | A legal document issued by a judge that gives police permission to search a specific location for specific items. |
| Exclusionary rule | Prevents evidence obtained through illegal searches and seizures from being used in a court of law. |
| Self-incrimination | The act of a person providing evidence or testimony that could expose them to criminal prosecution. |
| Sixth amendment | Guarantees the rights of criminal defendants, including the right to a speedy and public trial, an impartial jury, to be informed of the charges, to confront witnesses against them, to compel favorable witnesses to testify, and to have legal counsel. |
| Plea bargaining | A negotiated agreement between a prosecutor and a defendant's lawyer where the defendant pleads guilty to a lesser charge or to the original charge with a reduced sentence, in exchange for concessions from the state. |
| Eight amendment | Prohibits excessive bail and fines, as well as "cruel and unusual punishments," a standard that protects against inhumane and disproportionate penalties. |
| Cruel and unusual punishment | |
| Right to privacy | |
| Civil rights | |
| Equal protection clause | |
| Equal protection of laws | |
| Thirteenth amendment | |
| Civil Rights Act of 1965 | |
| Suffrage | |
| Fifteenth Amendment | |
| Poll taxes | |
| White primary | |
| Voting Rights Act of 1965 | |
| Nineteenth Amendment | |
| Equal Rights Amendment | |
| American with Disabilities Act | |
| Affirmative Action |
Created by:
26olive.boyd