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biology – the cell
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Unicellular | Single-cell organisms |
| Multicellular | Complex organisms made of many/multiple cells |
| Heredity | The passing on of characteristics from one generation to the next |
| Gene | The basic unit of heredity that controls the characteristics passed on from one generation to the next —> human cells contain approx 20,500 genes |
| Photosynthesis | The process carried out by plants and some other organisms to make food using sunlight energy |
| Respiration | A chemical reaction in cells that releases energy from food so that an organism can do work |
| Prokaryote | Do not have a nucleus or membrane bound organelles |
| Eukaryota | Multicellular Have a nucleus + membrane bound organelles |
| What does a plant cell consist of? | Nucleus, Nucleolus, Cell membrane, Cell wall, Golgi apparatus, Mitochondria, Chloroplast, Cytoplasm, Large Vacuole |
| What does an animal cell consist of? | Cell Wall, Mitochondria, Cytoplasm, Rough endoplasmic reticulum |
| What is the function of the cell membrane? | — it keeps the contents of the cell together — it provides support and shape to the cell — it acts as a protective barrier (it is semi-permeable) |
| What is the function of cytoplasm? | — the cells organelles are suspended in cytoplasm — it is made up of approximately 90% water — enzymes in cytoplasm help speed up the chemical reactions in cells |
| What is the function of the nucleus? | — it is the largest organelle in the cell — the nucleus contains chromosomes — different species have different numbers of chromosomes in their nuclei — humans have 46 chromosomes |
| Chromosomes | Thread-like structures in the nucleus made up of DNA and protein. |
| Nucleolus | An area of the nucleus with a high concentration of ribosomal ribonucleic & protein. |
| What is the function of the mitochondria? | mitochondria transform stored chemical energy in digested food into more usable forms during respiration |
| Extrachromosomal DNA | DNA found outside the nucleus |
| Ribosomes | Tiny structures made up of protein and ribosomal RNA (rRNA) |
| What is the function of ribosomes? | They use the code in the cell’s DNA to join a series of amino acids in the correct order to form proteins (eg. enzymes & some hormones) |
| Chlorophyll | Light-absorbing pigment which absorbs sunlight energy for photosynthesis |
| Golgi apparatus | A group of flattened, disc-like structures located close to the endoplasmic retuculum |
| What is the function of the golgi apparatus? | To further process proteins & lipids and package them into vesicles |
| Endoplasmic reticulum | A network of tube-shaped membranes in the cytoplasm of animal and plant cells (there is 2 types —> 1. Smooth 2. Rough |
| Phospholipid | A single molecule is made up of a hydrophilic phosphate head & a hydrophobic lipid tail. It is in the membrane of the cell |
| Cell Wall | Surrounds the cell membrane of plant cells and it is made of cellulose |
| Tissue | A group of cells that work together to carry out a function that no single cell can do on its own |
| Cytosol | The liquid fraction of cytoplasm |
| Organelles | The structures in cells |
| Cell | The smallest unit that has all the characteristics of life |
| Archea | Single-cell organisms known to only exist in extreme environments |
| Stroma | The inner liquid-filled region of a chloroplast |
| Thylakoid | Membrane-bound structure in the stroma |
Created by:
Martina Aidene