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U.S. History Vocab.
Vocabulary from 1.01 to current lesson.
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Punic Wars (264 - 146 BC) | Three wars that were fought between Carthage and the Roman Republic. |
| Roman Republic (509 BCE - 27 BCE) | A political State Established by the Roman People that had a representative government for its citizens. |
| the Roman Empire (27 BCE - 476 CE) | An empire that dominated the Mediterranean region. |
| Civil War | A war fought between citizens belonging to the same country, nation, or empire. |
| Constantine l (306 CE - 337 CE) | Roman Emperor who ruled from 306 CE to 336 CE; he was the first Roman emperor to convert to Christianity, and he established Christianity as the empire's religion; he moved the capital from Rome to Constantinople. |
| Constantinople | The capital, economic, and religious center of the Byzantine Empire. |
| Byzantine Empire (300s - 1453 CE) | The Eastern Part of the Roman Empire. |
| Alexandria | A religious center of the Byzantine Empire. |
| Antioch | The government center of the far Eastern Byzantine Empire. |
| ravenna | The Government center of the Italian Territory of the Byzantine Empire. |
| Syracuse | The Capital of the Island of Sicily. |
| Legal | Permitted, or allowable under the law. |
| Monotheistic | referring to the Belief in one and only one god. |
| Stele | A wood or stone monument with a carving or inscription, often used by ancient rulers to celebrate some part of their reign. |
| Holiness | A special difference: to be holy is to be different in some important way(s). |
| Covenant | An Agreement |
| Rhetoric | the art of effective or persuasive speaking or writing |
| Symbols | Visual Representations of an idea, a people, or a place in a visual way. |
| Monuments | Something that represents an idea, a people, or a place in a visual way. |
| Crucified | A form of the death penalty whereby the victim is hung with nails on a large cross. |
| temple Mount | A site in old Jerusalem sacred to Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. |
| Diffusion | The state of being spread out or transmitted especially by contact. |
| Migration | A movement from one country or place to another. |
| Dhimmis | People of the Book, referring to Jews and Christians who based their faith on the Bible; higher status than slaves but did not have equal rights to Muslims. |
| Hijra | The journey of the Islamic prophet Muhammed and his followers from Mecca and Medina in 622 CE. |
| Idolatry | Worship of false gods |
| Hindu | A follower of Hinduism, a religious system that originated on the Indian subcontinent that emphasizes a cycle of rebirth in human existence and the role of Dharma, or one's duty according to basic universal principles and laws |
| Sultanate | A state or country generally Islamic governed by a ruler known as a sultan. |
| Gunpowder Empires | Three empires ottoman, Mughal, and Safavid, that relied on new types of arms, including cannons and firearms, to defeat their opponents and build their empires. |
| Mecca and Medina | Mecca is the location of Muhammad's first revelation, he later returned and conquered it. While Medina is the location Muhammad and his followers fled to after being kicked out of Mecca. They controlled Medina after defeating meccan forces and Badr. |
| Damascus | Capital of the Umayyad's at their heights. Located in Present day Syria. |
| Cordoba | Capital of the Umayyad's after losing to the Abbasids. Located in modern Spain. |
| Baghdad | Capital of the Abbasid Dynasty. The location was at the crossroads of major trade routes between Europe and Asia. |
| Icons | An artwork such as a painting or sculpture used in religious devotion. |
| Hellenistic | Relating to ancient Greek civilization |
| Patriarch | the bishop of Constantinople, a high- ranking official in the Eastern Orthodox Church; a man considered the father or founder of a family, race, or religion. |
| Bishops | an important Christian cleric in charge of the spiritual life and administration of a particular region. |
| Pope | the head of the Roman Catholic Church and the bishop of Rome. |
| Diverse | made up of many different types |
| Iconoclasm Controversy | Debate in the seventh to ninth centuries of the Byzantine Empire over the Church's creation and use of icons. |
| Veneration | expressing respect |
| Ardent | feeling or showing great enthusiasm |
| Iconodule | A person who defends the use of icons as an acceptable part of religious devotion |
| Persecution | Cruel or unfair treatment |
| Excommunicated | to banish or exclude from church membership, especially within the Roman Catholic Church. |
| Leavened | Dough made with yeast to make bread rise |
| Slavic | The language family of a group of people living in Central, Eastern, and southeastern Europe. |
| Bosporus | A strait connecting the Mediterranean and Black seas that forms the boundary between the European and Asian Parts of Turkey. |
| Mese | the main thoroughfare through the city of Constantinople. |
| Hippodrome | An open-air stadium with an oval track that was used for chariot racing and other events. |
| Aqueduct | an artificial channel for conveying water, typically in the form of a bridge supported by tall columns across a valley. |
| Justinian l | Byzantine emperor who reigned for nearly 40 years and significantly expanded the empire's territory through several military campaigns. |
| Noble | belonging (usually born into) a class with high social or political status. |
| hagia Sophia | Originally a Christian Cathedral in Constantinople that was later changed into a Muslim Mosque. |
| Serfs | Members of a servant class, required to labor for a Lord or landowner in exchange for certain rights and privileges. |
| Preceding | Came before someone or something in time. |
| Theodora | The Byzantine empress during the reign of Justinian l |
| Justinian Code | A collection of laws and legal interpretations formed with the support of the Byzantine Emperor Justinian l. |
| European Renaissance | period of European history from about the 14th-17th centuries in which there was a "rebirth" or renewed interest in the arts. |
| Nika Rebellion | A political riot in Constantinople in 532 CE |
| Belisarius | A Byzantine general during the rule of Justinian l |
| besieged | Surrounded by enemies; under attack |
| Early Middle Ages- c. 500-1000 | fall of Rome, chaos, rise of small kingdoms |
| High Middle Ages- c. 1000-1300 | population growth, strong monarchies, Church power grows |
| Late Middle Ages- c. 1300-1500 | Plagues, Wars, Church Challenged |
| franks | Germanic tribe that formed early France |
| Angles and Saxons | Germanic tribes that settled in Britain. |
| Merovingian | Frankish dynasty started by Clovis l |
| Charles Martel | Defeated Muslims at Battle of Tours |
| Charlemagne | United much of Western Europe; crowned Emperor in 800 |
| Carolingian | Dynasty started by Charles Martel |
| land grants | Gifts of land, often used to gain loyalty |
| Vikings | Norse raiders for Scandinavia |
| Plundering/Pillaging | Stealing goods violently |
| crusades | Religious wars to take back the Holy land |
| Simony | Selling Church offices |
| Investing (lay investiture) | Kings appointing bishops(caused Church-state conflict) |
| Excommunicated | Banned from Church and sacraments |
| Divine rights of kings | Belief that monarchs rule by God's will |
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