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phys exam 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| recognition of what is self and what is not self | immunity |
| two types of immunity | adaptive and innate |
| 4 components of the immune system | cells/organs, cytokines, complement proteins, antibodies, |
| what cells are part of innate immunity | polymorphonuclear granulocytes: neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, |
| what cells are part of adaptive immunity | B cells, T cells, NK cells |
| function of neutrophil | releases chemicals involved in inflammation |
| where is the neutrophil produced | bone marrow |
| what type of cell is neutrophil | phagocyte |
| where is basophil produced | bone marrow |
| function of basophil | release factors involved in inflammation |
| where is eosinophil produced | bone marrow |
| function of eosinophil | destroys multicellular parasites, participates in immediate hypersensitivity reactions |
| where do the lymphocytes of adaptive immunity mature | NK and B in bone marrow T cells in the thymus |
| what is the function of the lymphocytes in adaptive immunity | recognition cells in specific/adaptive immune responses |
| where is monocyte produced | bone marrow |
| what does a monocyte differentiate into | macrophage (in tissues) |
| what is the function of a monocyte | phagocytosis |
| derivative of B cells makes antibodies | plasma cell |
| antigen presenting cell, presents antigen to T cells | dendritic cells |
| cell found in connective tissues and the skin, helps in wound healing and inflammatory response | mast cells |
| proteins that kill bacteria/viruses | complement proteins |
| chemical messengers of the immune system | cytokines |
| too few WBC's | leukopenia |
| too many WBC's | leukocytosis |
| high neutrophils would be a sign of | bacterial infection |
| high lymphocytes would be a sing of | viral infection |
| describe innate immunity | general defense of invader |
| what do cells recognize in innate immunity | proteins on invader |
| what do cells recognize in adaptive immunity | antigens on invader cells |
| what are the phagocytes of the immune system | neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells |
| steps of inflammation | mast cells/damaged tissue cells release histamine - causes hyperemia, capillary permeability increase, chemotaxis- injured tissues release chemicals that draw phagocytes, diapedesis - neutrophils and phagocytes squeeze through endothelial cells to reach s |
| molecule that binds the bacterium and exposes it to phagocyte to eat it | opsonin |
| what protein acts as an opsonin in innate inflammation response | C3B |
| describe how C3b works to fight invaders | it binds to a bacterium then binds to a C3B receptor on a phagocyte and brings it to it to eat |
| describe the MAC system | membrane attack complex kills bacteria by creating holes in the membrane |
| describe the process of type 1 interferons | when i cells is infected before it dies it releases interferons to other cells which binds to an interferon receptor, those cells then make antiviral proteins that block the replication of the virus |
| what do primary lymphoid tissues do | produce lymphocyte precursors and provide secondary lymphoid organs with mature lymphocytes |
| what are two organs of primary lymphoid tissue | bone marrow, thymus gland |
| what are secondary lymphocytes | where lymphocytes and antigens meet, are activated and proliferate |
| examples of secondary lymph organs | lymph nodes, spleen tonsils |
| what two types of T cells are split up in the thymus | helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells |
| where are B and T cells activated | in secondary lymphoid organs |
| where on the body does the lymph return blood | right side of heart |
| what does the lymphatic system do | collects al the materials leaking out from the blood |
| helper T cells produce cytokines that help in what processes | the Killer T cells fight antigen bearing cells and helps B cells produce plasma cells |
| a group of lymphocytes that are specific to one antigen | clone |
| describe what happens when a B cells comes across an antigen | it produces with that antigen and will either create plasma cells or memory cells |
| regions on an antibody | Fc stem, antigen binding sites, variable and constant regions |
| what does the Fc stem do on an antigen | binds Fc receptors on cells |
| antibodies act as | opsonin |
| two types of MHC proteins | MHC I and II |
| where are MHC class I found | surface of all body cells except RBC's |
| where are MHC class II found | only present on antigen presenting cells |
| what type of TCR do MHC I have | CD8+ |
| what type of TCR do MHC II have | CD4+ |
| what types of cells are antigen presenting | macrophages, B cells, and dendritic cells |
| describe the process of antigen presentation to helper T cells | after phagocytosis a piece of microbe is broken down into peptide pieces and combined with MHC II and presentated on surface of APC. CD4+ T cells bind to the complex, APC secretes: cytokines, to further activate CD4+ |
| what's a difference between MHC I and II | MHC I happens inside the cell while II the antigen complex is presented outside of the cell |
| explain the process of MHC I | infected cells have viral DNA that gets hydrolyzed and combined with the cell's class I MHC proteins in the ER, and then shuttled to the plasma membrane, a cytotoxic T cell (CD+) binds to the antigen. sometimes needs a costimulus (CD4) |
| what does the CD8 cell produce | perforin and granzyme |
| what does perforin do | pokes holes in viral membrane |
| what does granzyme do | goes through the holes poked by perforin and kills a virus |
| describe what NK cells do | they attach to the antibody and create a tight immunological synapse with the cell where they release perforin and granzyme to kill it |
| what is the second bind required in T cells | costimulus |
| how is cardiac muscle similar to skeletal | has sarcomeres, T-tubules, actin, myosin, troponin |
| does cardiac muscle undergo mitossi | no |
| traits unique to Cardiac muscle | intercalated discs, desmosomes, gap junctions, arranged in layers |
| vessel flow | arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins |
| two loops in the cardiovascular system | pulmonary and systemic |
| describe pulmonary circulation | blood circulation to lungs - R ventricle to L A |
| describe systemic circulation | body circulation starts at left ventricle ends at R Atrium |
| resting membrane potenital of the heart | -90 |
| excitation contraction coupling in cardiac muscle | depolarization opens Na - rushed into cell, K channels open leave cell, calcium enters causes more calcium to be released from SR, cross bridge cycling, calcium returned and muscle relaxes |
| how is the action potential in the heart generated | through pacemaker cells from SA node |
| cardiac cells are connected by | gap junctions |
| gap junctions in cardiac cells cause | the heart to have a coordinated contraction |
| difference in cardiac and skeletal action potentials | cardiac plateughs while skeltel drops sharply, has no long refractory period like skeletal |
| conduction system flow | SA node, AV node, bundle of His (AV bundle), R and L bundle branches, perkinje fibers |
| effects of the sympathetic nervous system on the heart | norepinephrine and epinephrine, increases heart rate, increases force of contraction, increased conduction speed and increases cardiac output |
| effects of the parasympathetic nervous system on the hear | acetylcholine, decreased heart rate, decreased conduction speed, minimal effect on contractility, promots energy conservation and recovery |
| lub sound in the heart | closure of AV valves |
| dup sound in the heart | closure of pulmonary and aortic valves |
| when does the lub sound happend | at the beginning of systole when AV valves close |
| when does the dup sound happen | at the beginning of diastole when the semilunar valves close |
| whistle | valves dont close all the way |
| gurgle | valves have backflow |
| lub gurgle dup | insuf. AV valve |
| lub whistle dup | stenotic semilunar |
| lub dup gurgle | insuf. semilunar |
| lub dup whistle | stenotic AV valve |
| systole is | ventricular contraction blood ejected out of heart |
| diastole is | ventricular relaxation blood filling heart |
| systole and diastole can be subdivided into two periods: | isovolumetric ventricular contraction/relaxation and ventricular contraction/relaxation |
| describe isovolumetric ventricular contraction/relaxation | RA - RV and LA- LV |
| describe ventricular contraction relaxation | RV to lungs LV to aorta |
| the first part of systole is called | isovolumetric contraction |
| what is happening during the first part of systole | blood left atria, all valves closed |
| 2nd part of systole | ventricular ejection (contracton) |
| what is happening during the 2nd part of systole | pressure builds and pulmonary and aortic valves open blood ejected out |
| diastole first part is called | isovolumetric relaxation |
| what is happening during diastole isovolumetric relaxation | no blood entering or leaving the ventricles, all valves closed, atria are filling |
| diastole second part is | ventricular relaxation |
| what is happening during diastole ventricular relaxation | the ventricles are filling AV valve open semilunar closed |
| why do valves open | difference in pressures |
| when the pressure in the atria is greater than the ventricles the AV are | open |
| when the ventricle pressure is greater than the pressure in the aorta or pulmonary artery the semilunar will | open |
| the volume of blood each ventricle pumps per unit time (minute) | cardiac output |
| heart rate x stroke volume is | cardiac output |
| the volume of blood at each contraction | stroke volume |
| what happens when stroke volume declines | cardiac ouput can be maintained by increasing heart rate |
| what is the frank sterling mechanism | ventricle contracts more forefully when more blood enters during diastole |
| what happens if the heart stretchs beyond a certain point | it can lose ability to contract and fail |
| the end diastolic volume is the amount of blood that | enters heart |
| the more venous blood entering | the more exiting |
| how does the heart prevent pulmonary edema and body edema | the left side of the heart will stretch to pump out the extra fluid so it doesnt accumulate in the tissues, and the right side will |
| the parasympathetic has an impact on | heart rate |
| the sympathetic has an impact on | heart rate and stroke volume |
| increased end diastolic has an impact on | stroke volume |
| pressure in vessels is due to | cardiac output and peripheral resistence |
| peripheral resistence depends on | viscosity, dehydration RBC |
| high peripheral resistance causes | increased BP |
| low peripheral resistance causes | decreased BP |
| flow rate is | volume of blood passing through a vessel per minute |
| which of the following would cause vasoconstriction in an arteriole | epinephrine |
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