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anatomy vocab cap 4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| articular cartilage | dense white connective tissue that covers the articulating surfaces of bones at joints |
| bone marrow | material with a rich blood supply found within the marrow cavity of long bones; yellow marrow stores fat, and red marrow is active in producing blood cells |
| cortical bone | dense solid bone that covers the outer surface of all bones and is the main form of bone tissue in the long tissue |
| diaphysis | the shaft of a long bone |
| epiphyseal plate | growth plate near the ends of long bones where osteoblast activity increases bone length |
| epiphysis | the bulbous end of a long bone |
| haversian canals | major pathways running in the direction of the length of long bones providing paths for blood vessels |
| Haversian system | (also called an osteon) includes a single haversian canal along with its multiple canaliculi which branch out to join with lacunae forming a comprehensive transportation matrix for supply of nutrients and removal of waste products |
| hematopoiesis | process of blood cells formation |
| lacunae | tiny cavities laid out in concentric circles around the haversian canals |
| medullary cavity | central hollow in the longs bones |
| ossification | process of bone formation |
| osteoblasts | specialized bone cells that build new bone tissue |
| osteoclasts | specialized bone cells the resorb bone tissue |
| osteocytes | mature bone cells |
| osteon | a haversian system |
| perforating canals | large canals that connect the haversian canals; also known as perforating canals; oriented across bones and perpendicular to haversian canals |
| periosteum | fibrous connective tissue membrane that surrounds and protects the shaft of long bones |
| remodeling | process through which adult bone can change in density, strength, and sometimes shape |
| trabecular bone (end of 4.1) | interior, spongy bone with porous, honeycomb structure |
| atlas | The first cervical vertebra; specialized to provide the connection between the occipital bone of the skull and the spinal column |
| axial skeleton | central, stable portion of the skeletal system, consisting of the skull, spinal column,and thoracic cage |
| cervical region | the first 7 vertebrae, comprising the neck |
| coccyx | 4 fused vertebrae at the base of the spine forming the tailbone |
| cranium | fused, flat bones surrounding the back of the head |
| facial bones | bones of the face |
| fontanel | openings in the infant skull through which the babies pulse can be felt; these openings enable compression of the skull during birth and the brain growth during late pregnancy and early infancy |
| intervertebral discs | fibrocartilaginous cushions between the vertebral bodies that allow bending of the spine and help to create the normal spine curves |
| lumbar region | low back region of the spine composed of 5 vertebrae |
| mandible | jaw bone |
| maxillary bones | 2 fused bones that form the upper jaw, houses the upper teeth, and connect to all other bones of the face, with the exception of the mandible |
| sacrum | 5 fused vertebrae that form the posterior of the pelvic girdle |
| skull | the part of the skeleton composed of all the bones of the head |
| sternum | breastbone |
| sutures | joints in which irregularly grooved, articulating bone sheets join closely and are tightly connected by fibrous tissue |
| thoracic cage | bony structure surrounding the heart and lungs in the thoracic cavity; composed of the ribs, sternum, and thoracic vertebrae |
| thoracic region | the 12 vertebrae in the middle of the back |
| vertebra (end of 4.2) | one of the bones making up the spinal column |
| appendicular skeleton | the bones of the body's appendages; the arms and legs |
| carpal bones | bones of the wrist |
| clavicle | doubly curved long bone that forms part of the shoulder girdle; the collar bone |
| Femur | Thigh bone |
| fibula | bone of the lower leg; does not bear weight |
| humerus | major bone of the upper arm |
| Lower extremity | Bones of the hips, legs and feet |
| metacarpals | the five major bones of the hand, connecting the carpals in the wrist to the phalanges in the fingers |
| metatarsals | small bones of the ankle |
| patella | kneecap |
| pelvis | bones of the pelvic girdle and the coccyx at the base of the spine |
| phalanges | bones of the fingers |
| radius | smaller of the two bones in the forearm; rotates around the ulna |
| scapula | shoulder blade |
| shoulder complex | all joints surrounding the shoulder, including the acromioclavicular, sternoclavicular, and glenohumeral joints |
| shoulder girdle | Bones surrounding the shoulder, including the clavicle and scapula |
| tarsals | bones of the ankle |
| tibia | major weight- bearing bone of the lower leg |
| ulna | larger bone of the lower arm |
| upper extremity (end of 4.3) | bones of the shoulders, arms, and hands |
| amphiarthrosis | joint type that permits only slight motions |
| articular fibrocartilage | tissue shaped like a disc or partial disc called a meniscus that provides cushioning at a joint |
| ball-and -socket joint | synovial joint formed between one bone end shaped roughly like a ball and receiving bone reciprocally shaped like a socket |
| bursae | small capsules lined with synovial membrane and filled with synovial fluid; they cushion the structures they separate |
| condyloid joint | type of diarthrosis in which one articulating bone surface is an oval, convex shape, and the other is reciprocally shaped concave surface |
| diarthrosis | freely movable joints; also known as synovial joints |
| gliding joint | type of diarthrosis that allows only sliding motion of the articulating bones |
| hinge joint | type of diarthrosis that allows only hinge like movements in forward and backward directions |
| ligaments | bands composed of collagen and elastic fibers that connect bones to other bones |
| pivot joint | type of diarthrosis that permits rotation around only one axis |
| saddle joint | type of diarthrosis in which the articulating bone surfaces are both shaped like the seat of a riding saddle |
| symphysis | type of amphiarthrosis joint in which a thin plate of hyaline cartilage separates a disc of fibrocartilage from the bones |
| synarthrosis | fibrosis joints that can absorb shock, but permits little or no movement of the articulating bones |
| synchondrosis | type of amphiarthrosis joint in which the articulating bones are held together by a thin layer of hyaline cartilage |
| syndesmosis | joint at which dense, fibrous tissue binds the bones together, permitting extremely limited movement |
| synovial joint | a diarthrodial joint |
| tendon | tissue band composed of collagen and elastic fibers that connects a muscle to a bone |
| tendon sheaths (end of 4.4) | double-layered synovial structures surrounding tendons subject to friction given their position close to bones; secrete synovial fluid to promote free motion of the tendons during joint movement |
| Amenorrhea | absence of a menstrual in women of reproductive age |
| anorexia nervosa | condition characterized by body weight 15% or more below the minimal normal weight range, extreme fear of gaining weight, an unrealistic body image and amenorrhea |
| apophysis | site at which a tendon attaches to bone |
| arthritis | family of more than 100 common pathologies associated with aging, characterized by joint inflammation accompanied by pain, stiffness, and swelling |
| bulimia nervosa | disordered eating that involves a minimum of 2 eating binges a week for at least 3 months; and associated feeling of lack of control; use of seld-indued vomiting, laxatives, diuretics, strict dieting, or exercising to prevent weight gain;and an obsession |
| bursitis | inflammation of one or more bursae |
| dislocation | injury that involves displacement of a bone from its joint socket |
| female athlete triad | a combination of disordered eating, amenorrhea and osteoporosis |
| fracture | any break or disruption of continuity in a bone |
| osteoarthritis | degenerative disease of articular cartilage, characterized by pain, swelling, range of motion, restriction and stiffness |
| osteopenia | reduced bone mass without the presence of a facture |
| osteoporosis | condition in which bone mineralization and strength are so abnormally low that regular, daily activities can result in painful fractures |
| rheumatoid arthritis | autoimmune disorder in which the bodys own immune system attacks health joint tissues; the most debilitating and painful form of arthritis |
| sprain | injuries caused by abnormal motion of the articulating bones that result overstretching or tearing of ligaments, tendons, or other connective tissue crossing a joint |
| stress fracture | tiny painful crack in bone that results from overuse |
| axis | the second cervical vertebrae; specialized with upward projection called the odontoid process, on which the atlas rotates |
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