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3 - U of R - SB
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Core Concepts | Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning |
| Classical Conditioning | Involuntary responses to conditioned stimulus CS Example: Dog salivates UR to a bell CS that was paired with food US Learning relationships between stimuli |
| Operant Conditioning | Voluntary Behaviours Shaped by Consequences Reward/Punishment strengthens or weakens behaviour |
| OC Thorndike's Law of effect | Satisfying consequences -> Behaviour more likely to repeat Discomforting consequences -> Behaviour less likely |
| OC KEY ELEMENTS | SKINNER operant box Response Reinforcer Cues |
| OC - Response | The Target Behaviour eg lever press |
| OC - Reinforcer | Food/Liquid given as a reward |
| OC - Cues | Signals (lights, tones) that indicate when reinforcement is available |
| Shaping and Successive approximations OC | Reinforcer closer approximations to the desired behaviour Reward a cat for paw life -> then paw reach -> then bell touch -> then bell ring |
| Consequences - Effects on Behaviour | Positive Reinforcement - Praise after cleaning room Negative Reinforcement - Use sunscreen to avoid sun burn Positive Punishment - Extra chores for misbehaving Negative Punishment - Remove phone for curfew breach |
| Schedules of Reinforcement | Continuous Reinforcement Partial Reinforcement |
| Continuous Reinforcement | Every Behaviour Reinforced Good for teaching new behaviour Poor resistance to extinction BAD extinction |
| Partial Reinforcement | Different Patterns based on time or response frequency |
| Partial Reinforcement schedules | FIXED RATIO VARIABLE RATIO FIXED INTERVAL VARIABLE INTERVAL |
| FIXED RATIO FR | Based on Responses Pattern of response High rate -> Pause after reinforcement Resistance to extinction is low - VERY EASY TO EXTINCTION |
| VARIABLE RATIO VR | Based on Responses Pattern of response is High, Steady rate -> No Pause Resistance to extinction is High (Gambling) |
| FIXED INTERVAL FI | Based on time Pattern of response is scalloped, slow start, fast near end resistance to extinction is low |
| VARIABLE INTERVAL VI | Based on time Pattern of response is steady, moderate rate Resistance to extinction is high |
| PROBLEMS IN CONDITIONING | RATIO STRAIN Too many required responses = frustration, aggression, quitting EXTINCTION Behaviour decrease when reinforcement stops EXTINCTION BURST Temporary spike in behaviour before it fades |
| INFLUENCING FACTORS ON REINFORCEMENT EFFECTIVENESS | Reinforcer Magnitude Delay of Reinforcement Contingency |
| Reinforcer Magnitude | Larger on perceived better reinforcers -> stronger learning Same amount of food, more effective when broken into more pieces |
| Delay of Reinforcement | Shorter Delay = Better Learning Bridging cues (clicker or tone) help during delays Delayed rewards -> superstitious behaviour may form |
| Contingency | Stronger learning when reward clearly follows the behaviour Baby controls mobile -> smiles more Baby with no control -> loses interest |
| Primary vs Secondary Reinforcers | Primary - Naturally rewarding - Food, Water, Sex Secondary - Paired with primary reinforcer - Money, Tokens, Praise, Clickers |
| Secondary Reinforcers | Signal correctness, Guide next step, Bridge Delays |
| Advanced techniques | CHAINING - Teach a sequence of behaviours (behaviour chain) Each step is both: reinforcer for previous step and cue for next step |
| Type of Chaining | Forward Chaining Backward Chaining |
| Forward Chaining | Teach step 1 -> Reinforce -> Then teach step 2 |
| Backward Chaining | Teach Final step first -> Work Backwards |
| Chaining | Using reinforcement to reduce unwanted behaviour |
| Differential reinforcement types | DRO DRI DRA DRL |
| DRO Differential Reinforcement of other behaviour | Reinforces any other Behaviour Reward when student is not hand flapping |
| DRI Differential Reinforcement of incompatible behaviour | Reinforces incompatible behaviour Reward sitting instead of standing |
| DRA Differential Reinforcement of alternative behaviour | Reinforce alternative behaviour Reward polite request over demanding |
| DRL Differential Reinforcement of low rates of responding | Reinforce low rates of behaviour Reward washing hands once, not excessively |
| Premack's Principle | High probability behaviours (preferred) can reinforce Low probability behaviours If you eat veggies, then you can have ice cream |
| Token economies | Secondary reinforcement systems using tokens Used in behaviour therapy, especially in psychiatry settings Tokens exchanged for tangible rewards (snacks, priviliges) |
| Speed of reward and addiction | Faster rewards = stronger habits/addictions Explains why social media more addictive than essays, pokies/slot machines more addictive than older versions |
| Key theories to remember | Thorndike's law of effect Skinner's operant conditioning Premack's principle Gradient of delay Chaining theory |
Created by:
brendonpizarro1