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genetics chapter 8
using mutations
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| complementation | if two homologous chromosomes in an individual carry a mutation recessive to wild type, that individual will have a normal phenotype if the mutations are in different genes. |
| complementation group | sets of mutations that occur on different genes but produce the same observable phenotype |
| how is a gene defined? | a segment of DNA or RNA that holds the information for the synthesis of a functional product, such as a protein or a non-coding RNA |
| how is a gene organized on a chromosome? | they are arranged in a specific linear sequence |
| what is a typical size for a gene? | they can consist from anywhere between 1000 base pairs to 200,000 base pairs |
| amino acid | building blocks (monomers) of proteins |
| what is the basic structure of an amino acid? | carboxyl group, amino group, and a CHR group |
| how does one amino acid differ from the other? | the r groups - or side chains - make amino acids differ from each other |
| how many common amino acids are there? | 20 |
| peptide bond | covalent chemical bond that links two amino acids together |
| missense mutations | genetic alteration that causes the substitution of one amino acid for another |
| nonsense mutations | mutations resulting in the generation of a stop codon |
| frameshift mutations | changes that alter the grouping of nucleotides into codons |
| primary structure of a protein | linear sequence of amino acids within a polypeptide chain; stabilized by peptide bonds |
| secondary structure of a protein | alpha helices and beta sheets; stabilized by hydrogen bonds between amino, hydrogen, and carboxyl-oxygen atoms in the peptide backbone |
| tertiary structure of a protein | ultimate three-dimensional structure of the entire polypeptide, stabilized by all weak interactions |
| quaternary structure of a protein | The three-dimensional configuration of subunits in a multimer; stabilized by all weak interactions |
| what are chaperones? | proteins that help stabilize the native conformation of folding proteins |
| transcription | The biochemical process that copies DNA into intermediary molecules called messenger RNA (mRNA) |
| translation | The interpretation of triplets in the mRNA into the amino acids of a growing protein |
| what enzymes are involved in transcription? | RNA polymerase |
| what enzymes are involved in translation? | aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases and peptidyl transferase |
| what is a codon? how many are there? | a codon is a group of 3 nucleotides; there are 64 total codons |
| reading frame | the sequential portioning of nucleotides into groups of three to generate the correct order of amino acids in the resulting polypeptide chain |
| why is the genetic code considered degenerate? | because multiple codons can code for the same amino acid |
| stop codon | UAA, UAG, or UGA. when a stop codon is coded for, translation stops. |
| start codon | AUG; specifies the n terminal amino acid of a protein and initiates translation until a termination codon is reached. |
| why is the genetic code universal, but not quite? | all cells share the same genetic code |
Created by:
angievelasco