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Biology Quiz
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| "biological diversity" | Raymond Dasman & Thomas Lovejoy |
| "natural diversity" | Nature Conservancy |
| "biodiversity" | E.O. Wilson |
| bio= | short for biological |
| diversity= | the state of being diverse |
| diverse= | great variety |
| biology= | study of living organisms |
| fragile web | network of relationships among species... upon which we depend for our existence |
| 3 Levels of Diversity: | 1. Genetic Diversity 2. Species Diversity 3. Ecosystem Diversity |
| Genetic Diversity | genetic variation within a population (of a species)+genetic variation between populations (of a species) |
| Species Diversity | the # and relative abundance of species in a biological community |
| Ecosystem Diversity | variety of ecosystems on Earth |
| Endangered species | a species that is in danger of extinction throughout all or most of its range |
| Threatened species | likely to become endangered in the future |
| Easter Island: Enocide scenario | arrival of sea faring people--->growing population---->increased demand for food---->clearing of forest land---->rat population growth---->consumption of native vegetation---->decline in Rapa Nui species |
| Easter Island: Genocide scenario | arrival of sea faring people--->growing population---->increased demand for food---->clearing of forest land---->rat population growth---->consumption of native vegetation---->Euopeans+disease arrive--->Slow decline in Rapa Nui species |
| Easter Island: Slow demise scienario | Mix of enocide and genocide |
| Enocide+Genocide= | slow demise |
| What did easter island say about "fragile web" | 1. Planet has finite limit (carrying capacity) for how much life it can support 2. Remove one part=degrades whole web 3. Over-exploitation of natural resources 4. Isolated places are "less resilient", making them "vulnerable to over-exploitation" |
| Theory of Island Biogeography | explanation of how natural forces act to control the # of species in given area |
| Forces of "Theory of Island Biogeography" | 1. Size of island 2. Distance between islands |
| Immigration | higher on near islands than distant ones |
| Extinction | higher on small islands than on larger ones |
| # of species on near, large islands> | # of species on small, distant islands |
| Rewilding | method designed to slow a wave of human-caused extinctions...designing, connecting, and restoring protected areas |
| The heart of rewilding | The 3 C's |
| The 3 C's | 1. Cores 2. Corridors 3. Carnivors |
| Cores | protected areas |
| Corridors | geographical space not recognized as a protected area that is governed and managed over the long-term to conserve/restore effective ecological connectivity |
| Carnivores | apex predators that "regulate other predators and prey, exercising an influence on an ecosystem far out of proportion to their #'s. |
| Keystone species | species has a large effect on its environment and, by extension, the other organisms in its environment relative to its abundance. |
| 5 Threats to Biodiversity | 1. Habitat Loss/Degradation (Giant panda) 2. Introduced Species 3. Overexploitation 4. Climate Change (Becoming more significant) 5. Pollution (Stress/subtle effects on ecological matters) |
| Background Rate: | Standard rate of extinction in earths geological/biological history before humans became primary contributor of extinction |
| Direct Impacts: | climate change directly impacts species by altering their physical environment |
| Indirect Impacts: | climate change indirectly effects species by altering interspecific interactions such as predation and competition |
| Synergistic effects: | occurs when the impact of 2+ factors has a greater impact than "either factor alone or their additive combination" |
| Knock-off effects: | species that is removed from an ecosystem is a top predator, a tropic cascade often emerges |
| Cascade: | Ecological phenomenon triggered by the addition or removal of top predators involving reciprocal changes in the relative populations of predator and prey through a food change -->Often results dramatic changes in ecosystem structure and nutrient cycling |
| Freshwater invasions | -nonnative species that are threats to native biodiversity -negative effects on freshwater ecosystems -Effects are high in areas facing cumulative invasion pressure |
| Monotypic colonization | once invasive species establishes itself in new area, it rapidly outcompetes native species until only the invasive species remains |
| ECOLOGY | -the study of how organisms interact with their environment -Concerned with the distribution & abundance of organisms (aka where they live, how many there are,& why they occur where they do) |
| Organismal ecology | how one species’ structure, physiology, and behavior meet environmental challenges to survive in a particular area |
| Population ecology | considers factors affecting population size over time ***intraspecific interactions*** |
| Community ecology | considers how interactions between species affect community structure and organization ***interspecific interactions*** |
| Ecosystem ecology | emphasizes energy flow and chemical cycling between organisms and the environment |
| Global ecology | concerned with the biosphere, or global ecosystem, which is the sum of all the planet’s ecosystems and therefore examines the influence of energy and materials on organisms across the biosphere |
| BIOME | broad geographic region of land or water characterized by its resident life, environment, and climate - A biome is bigger than a single ecosystem or a habitat! |
| HOW DO BIOMES DIFFER FROM ONE ANOTHER? | Climate |
| Climate | long-term prevailing weather conditions in an area |
| Aquatic biomes | account for the largest part of the biosphere in terms of area |
| Marine biomes | average salt concentration of 3% |
| Freshwater biomes | salt concentration of less than 1% |
| Species Range | is the geographical area within which a species is found |
| FACTORS INFLUENCING THE RANGE OF SPECIES | 1. physical barriers 2. Human development 3. spatial gradients in climate (temp + precip), soil & water chemistry, etc |
| Biotic factors | any living component within the environment |
| Abiotic factors | non-living/ physical factor in the environment |
| FIVE IMPORTANT ABIOTIC FACTORS LIMITING (MOST) SPECIES RANGES | 1) Water availability 2) Solar radiation (light) 3) (Ambient) temperatures 4) Altitude/elevation 5) Soil or water chemistry |
| POPULATION | = a group of individuals from the same species that… 1) live inthesamegeneralarea 2) rely onthesameresources 3) are influenced bysimilarenvironmental factors 4) are likely to interact & breed with one another |
| POPULATION ECOLOGY | = the study of how biotic & abiotic factors influence the density, distribution, & size of populations |
| POPULATION DENSITY | the number of individuals per unit area |
| CALCULATING MARK & RECAPTURE POPULATION SIZES | N=MC/R N = estimate of total population size M = total number of animals captured & marked on the first visit C = total number of animals captured & marked on the second visit R = number of animals captured on the first visit |
| Population Density= | Population/Land Area |
| DISPERSION | = the spatial distribution of individuals within the population dispersion ≠ dispersal (= the movement of individuals from areas with high population densities and/or from their area of origin |
| Uniform dispersion | = individuals are separated by a fairly even distance • Occurs due to social interactions- trying to get as far away from each other as possible • Occurs due to intense competition for resources or territory (e.g., nesting sites) |
| Random dispersion | = individuals are spaced in an unpredictable way, without a pattern •location of one individual is independent of the location of other individuals • seed dispersal by wind or animals |
| Clumped dispersion | = individuals are clustered together • Occurs when resources (e.g., food or space) are not uniformly distributed • Occurs in species with certain social behaviors: herding animals, flocks of birds, hives of bees |
| DEMOGRAPHY | = the study of the key characteristics of populations & how they change over time |
| Factors affecting population size include: | 1) Birth rate 2) Death rate 3) Migration rate a. Immigration b. Emigration |
| Immigration | movement of individuals into an area |
| Emigration | movement of individuals out of an area |
| Increased population size | birth (B) & immigration (I) |
| Decreased population size | through death (D) & emigration (E) |
| Population size | ∆N = (B-I) – (D+E) |
| LIFE TABLES | = tables that track the survival & reproductive rates of individuals in specific age-groups (cohorts) within a population over time |
| SURVIVORSHIP CURVES | = a graphical representation of the proportion or numbers in a cohort still alive at each age |
| POPULATION GROWTH MODELS | Allow ecologists to predict how the size of a population will change over time under different conditions |
| CARRYING CAPACITY (K) | = maximum population size that a particular environment can sustain |
| INVASIVE SPECIES | = a non-native species that causes harm to its new environment |
| EXPONENTIAL GROWTH MODEL | dN/dt=rN |
| LOGISTIC GROWTH MODEL | dN/dt=rN((K-N)/K) |
| Exponential per capita growth rate | Does not change even if population is high |
| Logistic per capita growth rate | Gets smaller as population hits maximum |
| Populations stabilize | at carrying capacity due to complex interactions between abiotic & biotic factors as well as density dependent and density independent factors. |
| DENSITY-INDEPENDENT | birth or death rate does not change with population density • Unrelated to population density • Ex. Abiotic factors such as fire, storms, drought, habitat destruction, & seasonal weather changes |
| DENSITY-DEPENDENT | death rate increases or birth decreases with increasing population density • Related to population density • Ex. Biotic factors such as competition, predation, pests, & pathogens |
| INTRASPECIFIC COMPETITION | = occurs between individuals of the same species for limited resources • Nutrients/food resources • Space (shelter and/or breeding sites) • Access to mates |
| r-SELECTION | = selection for traits that maximize reproductive success in uncrowded (low density) environments (i.e., maximize the r variable) |
| K-SELECTION | = selection for traits that maximize reproductive success in crowded (high density) environments (i.e., populations close to the K variable) |
| COMMUNITY | = all the populations of various species that live close enough to potentially interact with one another |
| WHAT DO COMMUNITY ECOLOGISTS STUDY? | = considers how interactions between species—both direct & indirect—affect community structure and organization ----->Interspecific interactions! |
| THREE CATEGORIES OF INTERSPECIFIC INTERACTIONS | 1) Exploitation 2) Positive 3) Competition |
| 1) EXPLOITATION ( + / - ) | = a term for any type of + / - interaction in which individuals of one species benefit by feeding on (and thereby harming) individuals of the other species a. Predation b. Herbivory c. Parasitism |
| 1A) PREDATION ( + / -) | = interaction in which an individual of one species—the predator—kills & eats an individual of the other species—the prey Evolutionary adaptations of predators and prey improve their reproductive fitness!!! |
| 1B) HERBIVORY ( + / -) | = an exploitative interaction in which an organism—an herbivore—eats parts of a plant or alga, therefore harming the latter species Evolutionary adaptations of plants and herbivores to herbivory improve reproductive fitness!!! |
| 1C) PARASITISM ( + / -) | = an exploitative interaction in which an organism—a parasite—derives its nourishment from another organism—a host—which is harmed in the process |
| coevolution | = species become locked into a fuel of escalating adaptions (aka an ‘evolutionary arms race’) in which each species evolves in response to the other |
| 2) POSITIVE INTERACTIONS ( + / + OR + / 0 ) | = a term that refers to a + / + or + / 0 interspecific interaction between individuals of two species in which one or both individuals benefit and neither is harmed a. Mutualism b. Commensalism |
| 2A) MUTUALISM ( + / + ) | = a positive interspecies interaction that benefits members of both species |
| FACULTATIVE | = a species in a mutualistic relationship that can survive on its own |
| OBLIGATTE | = a species in a mutualistic relationship that cannot survive without its partner species |
| 2B) COMMENSALISM ( + / + ) | = a positive interspecies interaction that benefits one species but does not affect the other species |
| 3) INTERSPECIFIC COMPETITION ( - / - ) | = a term that refers to a - / - interspecific interaction that occurs when individuals of different species compete for a resource that limits the survival & reproduction of both individuals |
| COMPETITIVE EXCLUSION PRINCIPLE | = when populations of two similar species compete for the same limited resources, one population will utilize the resources more efficiently & have a reproductive advantage that will eventually lead to the elimination of the other population |
| Fundamental niche | = the resources & area a species or population can use or tolerate if no competitors are present |
| Realized niche | = the portion of resources or area of the fundamental niche that a species or population can use or tolerate |
| CHARACTER DISPLACEMENT | = the tendency for characteristics to be more divergent in species living in the same geographic area than in species living in different geographic areas |
| Biodiversity is comprised of two main components: | 1. Species Richness 2. Relative abundance |
| Species richness | = total number of species in a given area |
| Relative abundance | = proportional representation of each species in a given area (species evenness) |
| A MORE DIVERSE COMMUNITY (OR ECOSYSTEM) IS… | • More productive • Able to produce more biomass • More resistant to invasive species • Better able to withstand disturbances |
Created by:
Msig13