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molecular transport
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| A cell contains 97% water, 3% solute, if placed in solution of 98% water what type of solution? what direction will water go? what happens to the cell? type of transport? | Hypotonic water enters cell it will swell/burst osmosis |
| A cell contains 99% water, if placed in solution of 97.5% water what type of solution? what direction will water go? what happens to the cell? type of transport? | Hypertonic water leaves cell shrink osmosis |
| A cell contains 97% water what solution would put it at risk for plasmolysis and why | anything less than 97% because it would have a lower concentration of water than the 97% |
| A cell contains 99% water, if placed in solution of 97% water what type of solution? what direction will water go? what happens to the cell? type of transport? | Hypertonic out of cell shrink osmosis |
| A cell contains 89% water, if placed in solution of 0.9% salt what type of solution? what direction will water go? what happens to the cell? type of transport | Hypotonic water into cell burst/swell osmosis |
| what type of molecule are transport would release neurotransmitters to signal a cell | Exocytosis |
| What type of molecular transport involves bacteria being engulfed by macrophage cells? | Phagocytosis |
| What type of molecular transport is used when mitochondria hydrogen ions are pumped across the inner membrane to establish a gradient that leads to ATP | Active Transport |
| What is it called when ANIMAL cells lose large amounts of water and shrivel up | Creation |
| What is it called when plant cells lose large amounts of water and the membrane pulls away | plasmolysis |
| What is it called when ANIMAL cells gain so much energy that they rupture | Cytolysis |
| Why don't plant cells rupture when placed in pure water | They have a cell wall |
| What structure do plant cells have that keep them from rupturing | They have a vacuole that fills and causes turgor pressure in leaves |
| What is turgor pressure? | This pressure, created by water moving into the central vacuole through osmosis, makes the cell rigid |
| What molecular transport is used to move calcium in/out of cell? | calcium pump |
| What molecular transport is used to move Oxygen in/out of cell? | Simple diffusion |
| What molecular transport is used to move Water in/out of cell? | Osmosis |
| What molecular transport is used to move Amino acids in/out of cell? | Facilitated diffusion |
| What molecular transport is used to move proteins in a cell in/out of cell? | Exocytosis |
| What molecular transport is used to move estrogen in/out of cell? | simple diffusion cause fat |
| What molecular transport is used to move carbon dioxide in/out of cell? | Simple diffusion |
| What molecular transport is used to move fatty acids in/out of cell? | simple diffusion |
| What molecular transport is used to move enzymes out of salivary glands in/out of cell? | exocytosis |
| What molecular transport is used to move the sodium potassium pump in/out of cell? | active transport (goes against concentration gradient) |
| What are examples of passive transport | osmosis, simple diffusion, diffusion(high to low), facilitated diffusion |
| What are examples of active transport | sodium potassium pump, endocytosis, exocytosis |
| Explain passive transport | Doesn't require any energy because molecules move down a concentration gradient, substances move from an area of high concentration to low concentration |
| What molecules are soluble to the phospholipid bilayer? | nonpolar and lipid soluble molecules, fat soluble vitamins, gases, Their nonpolar nature allows them to dissolve in the hydrophobic, nonpolar lipid interior of the bilayer. |
| What molecules are not soluble to or able to cross the phospholipid bilayer | polar molecules, charged ions, Polar and charged molecules are hydrophilic (water-loving) and are repelled by the hydrophobic interior, making it very difficult for them to pass through. |
| What's diffusion? | A passive process of transport, a single substance moves from a high concentration to a low concentration area until equilibrium is reached ex) perfume |
| What factors affect the rate of diffusion? | Temperature: Higher temperatures increase the kinetic energy of particles, speeds up diffusion. Concentration Gradient: A larger difference in concentration between two areas=faster rate of diffusion Higher solvent density decreases the rate of diffusio |
| What are solutes | Dissolved substances |
| What is facilitated transport/diffusion | Materials diffuse across the plasma membrane with the help of membrane proteins |
| What are the proteins responsible for facilitated diffusion | Channel proteins and carrier proteins |
| What are aquaporins | channel proteins that specifically facilitate the movement of water across cell membrane |
| What are open channel proteins | Always open and allow ions to diffuse across the membrane freely |
| What are gated channel proteins | Not always open, require a specific signal to open/close |
| What are carrier proteins | integral membrane proteins that facilitate the transport of specific molecules across the cell membrane |
| What type of protein transport the quickest | channel proteins |
| What is osmosis | The net movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane from a region of lower solute concentration to a higher solute |
| What is osmolarity | water vs solute, the measure of solute concentration, defined as the number of osmosis of solute per liter of solution |
| What is a hypotonic solution | solution with a lower solute concentration than another solution |
| What is a hypertonic solution | solution with a higher solute concentration than another solution |
| what is an isotonic solution | solution with the same concentration as another solution = no change |
| What is crenation | When a cell shrinks |
| What is active transport | moving molecules across a cell membrane against their concentration gradient, from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration |
| What is the electrochemical gradient and how is it created | the combined difference in concentration and electric charge across a biological membrane that drives ion movement. It is created by the unequal distribution of ions across a membrane, |
| Does active transport require energy | Yes |
| sodium potassium pump | a cellular mechanism that uses active transport to move ions across the cell membrane against their concentration gradients. three sodium (\(Na^{+}\)) ions out of the cell and two potassium (\(K^{+}\)) ions into the cell |
| what is co-transport | Type of active transport where two substances are transported across a membrane by a single protein |
| Endocytosis | cell takes in substances from the outside by engulfing them with its cell membrane, forming a vesicle |
| phagocytosis | Cell eating, cell engulfs and ingests large particles, such as microorganisms and cell debris, through the formation of a membrane-bound vesicle called a phagosome |
| pinocytosis | cell drinking, cell takes in fluids and dissolves small molecules by forming small vesicles |
| exocytosis | A process for moving large molecules(proteins, waste products) out of the cell to the cell exterior. |
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