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digestive
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the two primary functions of the digestive system? | To break down food and absorb nutrients into the body. |
| The digestive system is composed of the alimentary canal and the _____ organs. | accessory |
| What is the term for the continuous tube that begins at the mouth and terminates at the anus? | The alimentary canal (or gastrointestinal/GI tract). |
| Name three accessory organs of the digestive system. | Teeth, tongue, salivary glands, gallbladder, liver, or pancreas. |
| What digestive process involves the physical breakdown of food into smaller fragments, such as through chewing? | Mechanical digestion. |
| Which digestive process uses enzymes to break down complex food molecules into their chemical building blocks? | Chemical digestion. |
| The wave-like movement created by alternating muscle contractions that propels food down the digestive tract is called _____. | peristalsis |
| What are the four basic tissue layers of the alimentary canal wall, from innermost to outermost? | Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and serosa. |
| Which layer of the alimentary canal is responsible for motility and peristaltic waves? | The muscularis layer (specifically, the myenteric plexus within it). |
| The _____ peritoneum lines the abdominal cavity, while the _____ peritoneum covers the external surface of the abdominal organs. | parietal; visceral |
| What term describes organs located outside of, or behind, the peritoneum, such as the pancreas? | Retroperitoneal. |
| What is the function of the mesentery? | It attaches the intestines to the abdominal wall, maintaining their position and supplying them with blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics. |
| Chemical digestion of what macromolecule begins in the mouth? | Starch (carbohydrates). |
| Which enzyme, found in saliva, begins the chemical breakdown of starch? | Salivary amylase |
| What is the name of the soft, rounded mass of chewed food that the tongue helps create for swallowing? | a bolus |
| Which two types of lingual papillae on the tongue contain taste buds? | fungiform and circumvallate papillae |
| What is the scientific term for the process of swallowing? | deglutition |
| The _____ phase of swallowing is voluntary, while the pharyngeal-esophageal phase is involuntary. | buccal |
| What structure closes over the trachea during swallowing to prevent food from entering the airways? | the epiglottis |
| What is the function of the lower esophageal sphincter (cardiac sphincter)? | It controls the movement of food from the esophagus to the stomach and prevents reflux. |
| What are the four major regions of the stomach? | The cardia, fundus, body, and pylorus. |
| What is the functional significance of the additional oblique smooth muscle layer in the stomach's muscularis? | It allows the stomach to vigorously churn and mix food. |
| The acidic, soupy mixture of partially digested food and digestive juices in the stomach is called _____. | chyme |
| Which cells in the gastric glands secrete hydrochloric acid (HCl) and intrinsic factor? | parietal cells |
| What is the function of hydrochloric acid (HCl) in the stomach? | It converts pepsinogen to pepsin and kills microbes. |
| Which cells in the gastric glands secrete pepsinogen? | chief cells |
| The digestion of which macromolecule begins in the stomach with the enzyme pepsin? | proteins |
| What substance is essential for the absorption of Vitamin B12 in the small intestine? | Intrinsic factor, which is secreted by parietal cells in the stomach. |
| Which hormone, secreted by G-cells, stimulates gastric glands to secrete more HCl and pepsinogen? | gastrin |
| What structure controls the passage of chyme from the stomach into the duodenum? | The pyloric sphincter. |
| What are the three regions of the small intestine in order from first to last? | The duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. |
| What three structures in the small intestine dramatically increase the surface area for digestion and absorption? | Plicae circulares, villi, and microvilli. |
| What is the primary function of Brunner's glands, located in the submucosa of the duodenum? | They secrete alkaline mucus to protect the epithelium from acidic chyme. |
| What is the collective term for the enzymes located on the cell membranes of microvilli, such as maltase, sucrase, and lactase? | Brush border enzymes. |
| The arrival of acidic chyme in the duodenum stimulates enteroendocrine cells to release which hormone? | Secretin |
| What is the primary effect of the hormone secretin? | It stimulates the pancreas to secrete bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid. |
| Which hormone is released by the duodenum in response to fatty food, causing the gallbladder to contract? | Cholecystokinin (CCK). |
| What is the type of mechanical digestion that occurs mainly in the small intestine, involving contractions that mix and churn the chyme? | Segmentation |
| Which accessory organ produces bile? | The liver. |
| What is the primary digestive function of the gallbladder? | To store and concentrate bile. |
| The functional unit of the liver, the liver lobule, contains a portal triad at each corner. What three structures make up a portal triad? | A hepatic artery branch, a portal vein branch, and a bile duct. |
| Which blood vessel delivers nutrient-rich blood from the digestive tract to the liver for processing? | The hepatic portal vein. |
| What is the main digestive function of bile? | The emulsification of fats. |
| Which organ produces a wide range of digestive enzymes, including amylase, lipase, and proteases like trypsin? | the pancreas |
| The exocrine function of the pancreas involves pancreatic _____ cells secreting pancreatic juice. | acinar |
| What component of pancreatic juice neutralizes the hydrochloric acid from the stomach? | bicarbonate |
| The endocrine function of the pancreas involves the pancreatic islets (Islets of Langerhans) secreting which two hormones? | insulin and glucagon |
| Which enzyme in pancreatic juice digests starch? | Pancreatic amylase. |
| Which pancreatic enzyme digests lipids (fats) into glycerol and fatty acids? | Pancreatic lipase |
| Which valve controls the passage of material from the small intestine into the large intestine? | The ileocecal valve |
| List the sections of the colon in order, starting from the cecum. | Ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, and sigmoid colon. |
| What are the three unique structural features of the large intestine's wall? | Teniae coli, haustra, and epiploic appendages. |
| What are the primary functions of the large intestine? | Reabsorption of water and mineral ions, formation and storage of feces, and housing beneficial bacteria. |
| Which of the two anal sphincters is under voluntary control? | The external anal sphincter. |
| What process, performed by gut bacteria in the large intestine, breaks down indigestible materials? | Bacterial fermentation. |
| In the Crash Course video, the digestive system is described as a sort of 'disassembly line' that reduces food into its most basic forms in two main ways: physically smashing it and bathing it in _____. | enzymes |
| What are the four main kinds of biological macromolecules (polymers) found in food? | Lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids. |
| What are the monomer building blocks for proteins? | amino acids |
| What are the monomer building blocks for carbohydrates? | Simple sugars (monosaccharides). |
| What are the monomer building blocks for lipids (specifically triglycerides)? | fatty acids and glycerol |
| From the stomach onward, the inner GI tract is lined with simple _____ epithelial cells that secrete mucus and absorb nutrients. | columnar |
| The innermost epithelial layer of the alimentary canal is known as the _____ layer. | mucosal |
| What is the scientific term for chewing? | mastication |
| What is the final step of the six main steps of human digestion? | defecation |
| Dr. William Beaumont's experiments on Alexis St. Martin revealed that digestion in the stomach was both mechanical and | chemical |
| The roof of the mouth is formed by the anterior _____ palate and the flexible posterior _____ palate. | hard; soft |
| Which organ produces gastrin, the most important hormone for stimulating gastric activity? | The stomach (specifically, the G-cells in the gastric glands). |
| Which phase of gastric regulation is ruled by the brain and kicks in when you see, smell, or think about food? | The cephalic phase. |
| The _____ phase of gastric regulation begins when food hits the stomach, activating stretch receptors and local hormonal mechanisms. | gastric |
| Which intestinal enzyme, which is deficient in many adults, is required to digest the milk-sugar lactose? | lactase |
| Which subdivision of the small intestine is the primary site for chemical digestion? | The duodenum. |
| Which subdivision of the small intestine is where most nutrient absorption takes place? | The jejunum. |
| The final section of the large intestine, consisting of the colon, rectum, and anus, is primarily responsible for absorbing remaining _____ and storing feces. | water |
| Which phase of gastric regulation involves the duodenum signaling the stomach to speed or slow its emptying rate? | the intestinal phase |
| Term: Emulsification | The physical process of breaking large fat globules into smaller droplets, increasing the surface area for enzymatic digestion. |
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