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respiratory
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| What are the two primary physiological zones of the respiratory system? | The conducting zone and the respiratory zone. |
| What is the main function of the conducting zone in the respiratory system? | To provide passageways for air to travel into and out of the lungs, while also warming, humidifying, and filtering the air. |
| The area of the respiratory system where gas exchange actually occurs is known as the _____. | respiratory zone |
| List the three main structures of the upper respiratory tract. | The nose, pharynx, and larynx. |
| What structures comprise the lower respiratory tract? | The trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and lungs. |
| What is the primary function of the respiratory system regarding gas exchange? | To provide oxygen to body tissues for cellular respiration and remove the waste product carbon dioxide. |
| What type of cartilage forms the C-shaped rings that support the trachea? | Hyaline cartilage. |
| The trachea divides into the right and left primary bronchi at a ridge called the _____. | carina |
| What is the functional advantage of the trachea's cartilage rings being C-shaped instead of complete circles? | It allows the esophagus to expand when swallowing food. |
| What is the name of the flap of tissue that covers the larynx during swallowing to prevent food from entering the airways? | Epiglottis. |
| The _____ pleura covers the surface of the lungs, while the _____ pleura lines the inner wall of the thoracic cavity. | visceral; parietal |
| What is the purpose of the serous fluid within the pleural cavity? | It provides lubrication, reducing friction between the pleural membranes during breathing. |
| What type of epithelium lines the majority of the conducting zone, such as the trachea? | Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium. |
| What is the function of the goblet cells found within the respiratory epithelium? | They secrete mucus to trap debris and pathogens. |
| The epithelium in the respiratory zone, specifically the alveoli, changes to what type to facilitate gas diffusion? | Simple squamous epithelium. |
| What are the three components of the respiratory membrane where gas exchange occurs? | The Type I alveolar cell, the fused basal membranes, and the capillary endothelium. |
| Which type of alveolar cell is responsible for secreting pulmonary surfactant? | type II cells |
| What is the primary role of pulmonary surfactant? | It decreases the surface tension of alveolar fluid, preventing the alveoli from collapsing during expiration. |
| What law states that the pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to its volume? | Boyle's Law. |
| During inspiration, what action do the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles perform? | They contract, increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity. |
| How does the contraction of inspiratory muscles lead to air flowing into the lungs? | It increases lung volume, which decreases intra-alveolar pressure below atmospheric pressure, causing air to flow in. |
| Is quiet expiration an active or passive process? | It is a passive process, relying on the relaxation of the diaphragm and external intercostals and the elastic recoil of the lungs. |
| Name the primary nerve that innervates the diaphragm. | The phrenic nerve. |
| The process of moving air into and out of the lungs is known as _____. | pulmonary ventilation |
| What is the term for the pressure within the pleural cavity? | Intrapleural pressure. |
| Why must intrapleural pressure remain negative relative to intra-alveolar pressure? | The negative pressure acts like a suction to keep the lungs inflated and prevent them from collapsing. |
| What is lung compliance? | It is the measure of the lung's ability to stretch and expand. |
| How would a disease like lung fibrosis, which causes scarring, affect lung compliance? | It would decrease lung compliance, making it harder to inflate the lungs. |
| What condition, often seen in premature infants, is caused by a deficiency in surfactant? | Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome (IRDS). |
| What term describes the volume of air moved during a normal, resting breath? | Tidal Volume (TV) |
| What is the term for the maximum volume of air that can be inhaled beyond a normal tidal inspiration? | Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV). |
| The maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after a normal tidal expiration is called the _____. | Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) |
| What is Residual Volume (RV)? | The volume of air that remains in the lungs after a maximum forced expiration. |
| How is Vital Capacity (VC) calculated using respiratory volumes? | Vital Capacity = Tidal Volume + Inspiratory Reserve Volume + Expiratory Reserve Volume (VC = TV + IRV + ERV). |
| What is anatomical dead space? | The volume of air that remains in the conducting zone and does not participate in gas exchange. |
| What principle, known as _____ Law, states that the total pressure of a gas mixture is the sum of the partial pressures of each individual gas? | Dalton's law |
| What is external respiration? | The exchange of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between the alveoli of the lungs and the blood in the pulmonary capillaries. |
| What is internal respiration? | The exchange of gases between the blood in systemic capillaries and the body's tissue cells |
| During external respiration, oxygen diffuses from the _____ to the _____, following its partial pressure gradient. | alveoli; blood |
| During internal respiration, carbon dioxide diffuses from the _____ to the _____. | tissue cells; blood |
| What protein in erythrocytes is primarily responsible for transporting oxygen in the blood? | Hemoglobin (Hb). |
| The binding of oxygen to hemoglobin forms a molecule called _____. | oxyhemoglobin (HbO₂) |
| The oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve shows the relationship between the partial pressure of oxygen and what other variable? | The percentage of hemoglobin saturation with oxygen. |
| What does a rightward shift in the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve indicate? | It indicates a decreased affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen, which facilitates oxygen unloading to the tissues. |
| List two factors that would cause the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve to shift to the right. | Increased temperature, increased PCO₂, or decreased pH (increased acidity). |
| What does a leftward shift in the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve signify? | It signifies an increased affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen, which enhances oxygen loading in the lungs. |
| What is the most common way carbon dioxide is transported in the blood? | As bicarbonate ions (HCO-3) dissolved in the plasma. |
| Write the reversible chemical equation showing how carbon dioxide and water form bicarbonate and hydrogen ions. | CO 2 +H2O ↔ H2 CO3 ↔ H+ + HCO−3 |
| What enzyme catalyzes the rapid conversion of carbon dioxide and water into carbonic acid? | Carbonic anhydrase. |
| Where are the primary respiratory control centers located in the brainstem? | In the medulla oblongata and the pons. |
| Which specific respiratory center in the medulla is responsible for initiating inspiration during normal, quiet breathing? | The Dorsal Respiratory Group (DRG). |
| What is the function of the pneumotaxic center located in the pons? | It inhibits inspiration, thereby regulating inspiratory volume and respiratory rate. |
| Where are central chemoreceptors located, and what do they primarily respond to? | They are located in the brainstem and respond to changes in the PCO₂ and pH of the cerebrospinal fluid. |
| Peripheral chemoreceptors, located in the aortic and carotid bodies, are stimulated by what three changes in the blood? | A decrease in PO₂, an increase in PCO₂, and a decrease in pH. |
| What is hyperventilation? | A state of rapid and deep breathing that expels CO₂ from the body faster than it is produced. |
| What is the physiological effect of hyperventilation on blood CO₂ levels and pH? | It causes CO₂ levels to drop (hypocapnia) and pH to rise (respiratory alkalosis). |
| What is hypoventilation, and how does it affect blood PCO₂ and pH? | It is slow and ineffective breathing that causes CO₂ levels to increase (hypercapnia) and pH to decrease (respiratory acidosis). |
| What is the medical term for the cessation of breathing? | apnea |
| The pharynx is divided into what three regions? | The nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx. |
| The nasal _____ are structures inside the nasal cavity that increase surface area to help warm and moisten incoming air. | conchae |
| What is the function of the paranasal sinuses? | They lighten the skull and help to moisten and warm incoming air. |
| The _____ is a muscular sheet that aids in breathing by contracting and relaxing, separating the thoracic and abdominal cavities. | diaphragm |
| What is the primary purpose of obtaining oxygen through the respiratory system? | To allow cells to generate chemical energy (ATP) from nutrients through cellular respiration. |
| Which organelle inside cells is the primary site of oxygen utilization for energy production? | The mitochondria. |
| The movement of a material from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration is known as _____. | diffusion |
| The movement of large numbers of molecules quickly, such as air into the lungs, is an example of what transport process? | bulk flow |
| Why must the membranes of lung cells remain wet for gas exchange? | Oxygen must dissolve in water before it can diffuse across the cell membranes. |
| Together, the alveoli in human lungs provide a surface area of approximately _____ square meters. | 75 |
| What term describes a condition where air enters the pleural space, causing an increase in intrapleural pressure and lung collapse? | Pneumothorax |
| How does bronchoconstriction, as seen in asthma, affect airflow resistance? | It decreases the airway diameter, which increases resistance to airflow. |
| What is the correct order of airflow through the bronchial tree, starting from the primary bronchus? | Primary bronchus, secondary (lobar) bronchus, tertiary (segmental) bronchus, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles. |
| The respiratory zone begins with what specific structure? | The respiratory bronchiole. |
| What muscles are recruited for forced inspiration? | Accessory muscles like the sternocleidomastoids, pectoralis, and serratus. |
| The _____ transports air from the larynx to the primary bronchi. | trachea |
| What is the term for the true vocal cords' location? | Larynx. |
| The process of matching airflow (ventilation) with blood flow (perfusion) to optimize gas exchange is called _____. | ventilation-perfusion coupling |
| What groups of muscles are used during forced expiration? | The internal intercostal and abdominal muscles. |
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