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Gov
Unit 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| constituency | Voters a member of Congress represents |
| Apportionment | Dividing House seats by population every census |
| Redistricting | Redrawing district lines |
| Gerrymandering | Drawing districts to favor a party |
| Partisan Gerrymandering | Districts drawn ONLY to benefit one party |
| majority-minority districts | Districts where majority is minority voters to increase representation |
| Malapportionment | Unequal population in districts (unconstitutional) |
| Speaker of the House | Leader of the House sets agenda |
| Majority/minority Leaders | Lead parties in chambers |
| Committee Chair | leads congressional committees |
| Whip | counts votes and enforces party discipline |
| House Rules Committee | controls debate + agenda in House |
| Filibuster | Unlimited debate to block votes |
| Cloture | Ends filibuster after 60 votes |
| oversight | Congress monitors executive agencies |
| Pork-barrel Spending | Funds local projects to gain support |
| Logrolling | Legislators trade votes |
| Incumbency advantages | Name recognition, fundraising, media access |
| Gridlock | Government can't act due to conflict |
| Divided Government | Different parties control Congress & presidency |
| Chief Executive | enforces laws |
| Veto Pocket Veto | Reject Laws |
| Signing Statement | President interprets law |
| Executive Privilege | Keep info secret for national security |
| Executive agreements | Foreign policy deals w/out Senate |
| State of Union | Annual address to Congress |
| Impeachment | House charges, Senate tries |
| War Powers Resolution | President notifies Congress in 48 hrs Troops withdraw after 60 days w/out approval |
| Formal Powers | Constitution-listed powers of president. |
| Informal Powers | Powers not listed but used (e.g., executive agreements, media). |
| Treaty | Formal agreement with another country (Senate approval). |
| State of the Union | President’s annual speech to Congress. |
| Pocket Veto | President ignores bill at end of session → bill dies. |
| Pardon | Release from legal punishment. |
| Executive privilege | President can withhold information for national security. |
| Executive agreements | International agreements without Senate approval. |
| Signing statement | President comments on or interprets a law when signing it. |
| Executive Order | Rule issued by president that acts like law for agencies. |
| war power resolution | Limits president’s military power; must notify Congress within 48 hrs; 60-day limit. |
| Impeachment | House accuses president; Senate holds trial |
| Bully Pulpit | President uses media/public attention to push agenda. |
| Supreme Court | Highest federal court. |
| Original jurisdiction | Court hears case first. |
| Appellate jurisdiction | Court reviews decisions from lower court |
| judicial review | Power to declare laws unconstitutional (from Marbury v. Madison). |
| Federal district courts | Trial courts of federal system. |
| Federal bureaucracy | Government agencies that implement laws and policies. |
| Rule Making | Agencies create regulations to carry out laws. |
| Regulation | Government rules affecting the public. |
| Federal civil service | Career government employees based on merit. |
| Merit system | Hiring/promotions based on exams/ability. |
| Iron triangle | Relationship between Congress, bureaucracies, and interest groups. |
| Issue Network | Loose alliance of groups and experts influencing policy. |
| Bureaucratic discretion | Agencies decide how to implement laws. |
Created by:
26ruthie